Eco-Friendly Car Washing By Hand or at the Car Wash

Few people realize that washing our cars in our driveways is one of the most environmentally un-friendly chores we can do around the house. Unlike household wastewater that enters sewers or septic systems and undergoes treatment before it is discharged into the environment, what runs off from your car sweeps down your driveway (an impervious surface) and goes right into storm drains—and eventually into rivers, streams, creeks and wetlands where it poisons aquatic life and wreaks other ecosystem havoc. After all, that water is loaded with a witch’s brew of gasoline, oil, and residues from exhaust fumes—as well as the harsh detergents being used for the washing itself. Commercial Car Washes Treat Waste Water On the other hand, federal laws in both the U.S. and Canada require commercial carwash facilities to drain their wastewater into sewer systems, so it gets treated before it is discharged back into the great outdoors. And commercial car washes use computer controlled systems and high-pressure nozzles and pumps that minimize water usage. Many also recycle and re-use the rinse water. The International Carwash Association, an industry group representing commercial car wash companies, reports that automatic car washes use less than half the water of even the most careful home car washer. According to one report, washing a car at home typically uses between 80 and 140 gallons of water, while a commercial car wash averages less than 45 gallons per car. Think Green When Washing Your Car If you must wash your car at home, choose a biodegradable soap specifically formulated for automotive parts, such as Simple Green’s Car Wash or Gliptone’s Wash ‘n Glow. Or you can make your own biodegradable car wash by mixing one cup of liquid dishwashing detergent and 3/4 cup of powdered laundry detergent (each should be chlorine- and phosphate-free and non-petroleum-based) with three gallons of water. This concentrate can then be used sparingly with water over exterior car surfaces. Even when using green-friendly cleaners, it is better to avoid the driveway and instead wash your car on your lawn or over dirt so that the toxic wastewater can be absorbed and neutralized in soil instead of flowing directly into storm drains or open water bodies. Also, try to sop up or disperse those sudsy puddles that remain after you’re done. They contain toxic residues and can tempt thirsty animals. Waterless Car Wash Products are Good for Small Jobs One way to avoid such problems altogether is to wash your car using any number of waterless formulas available, which are especially handy for spot cleaning and are applied via spray bottle and then wiped off with a cloth. Freedom Waterless Car Wash is a leading product in this growing field. A Better Car Wash Option for Fundraising One last caution: Kids and parents planning a fundraising car wash event should know that they might be violating clean water laws if the run-off is not contained and disposed of properly. Washington’s Puget Sound Carwash Association, for one, allows fund-raisers to sell tickets redeemable at local car washes, enabling the organizations to still make money while keeping dry and keeping local waterways clean. EarthTalk is a regular feature of E/The Environmental Magazine. Selected EarthTalk columns are reprinted on ThoughtCo by permission of the editors of E. Edited by Frederic Beaudry.

Plato and Confucius - 4610 Words

Separated by more than 8500 kilometers but only 52 years, two seminal thinkers have shaped the moral philosophy of their respective cultures. While Western ethical theory has been deeply influenced by Plato’s Republic, Eastern ethical theory has been deeply influenced by Confucius’s Analects. David Haberman describes the Republic as ‘one of the most influential books of all time’ (86). And Bryan Van Norden compares (with considerable fervor) the Analects to ‘the combined influence of Jesus and Socrates’ (3). On the surface, there are many similarities between Confucius and Plato. Both taught through means of dialogue, and both expressed reticence to provide direct definitions. Both advocated contemplation and education as the means for†¦show more content†¦The term seems to have a more ethical meaning. Some have argued that it is better translated as ‘goodness’10 or ‘love,’11 but these terms fail to capture the ‘completeness’ of Confucius’s meaning.12 Kwon-Loi Shun claims the meaning of the original word itself is clouded by ‘competing views.’ He states that ‘in the Analects ren is used both more narrowly to refer to one desirable quality among others, and more broadly to refer to an all-encompassing ethical ideal’ (53). While Confucius’s definition of ren is not explicitly stated, it is intimated, and its parallels with dikaiosune are notable: 1. Confuciuss concept of ren entails a wide scope of meaning. It is ‘described as something that includes other desirable qualities’ (Kwong-Loi Shun: 53).13 2. But it is also listed as one desirable quality among others such as courage and wisdom (W9.29, W14.28). 3. Ren is a virtue, which regulates our relationships with others. Confucius said the ‘direction which unifies everything’ and the ‘single saying that can keep watch on one’s actions throughout one’s life is this: considerateness – that which one disfavors, apply not to others’ (W4.15, W12.2, W15.24). Essay – Plato vs. Confucius 5 4. Ren is related to harmony: harmony of the individual within ‘the social framework of the ideal state’ (Jiuan-Yu: 327). ‘The central Confucian idea is represented by a Chinese character that has been explained pictographically as consisting of two parts: the componentShow MoreRelatedEssay on Confucius and Plato843 Words   |  4 Pages Confucius and Plato nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Confucius and Plato are two of the most respected and most widely studied teachers of history. There philosophies of how people should be governed and what characteristics make for a good leader. Both men’s ideas are good for the civilizations that they lived in, and they shared many similarities in their ideas. My own ideas of an ideal leader are a mixture of these two men’s ideas. The personal experiences of both men also play a key role in howRead More Plato and Confucius Essay2913 Words   |  12 PagesPlato and Confucius There are thousands of credible philosophers for people to study today, therefore the choice of who to study becomes a burdening task. Each single one has amazing knowledge and insight that we could all learn something from. There are people who don’t call themselves philosophers but bring philosophical thought to us, and then there are those who dedicate their lives to the love of wisdom. Philosophers have existed for thousands of years, and as long as the sun comes up, thereRead More Plato Contrasted with Confucius Essay1245 Words   |  5 PagesPlato Contrasted with Confucius Since the early beginnings of society, in which people began living in gathered communities, there can be seen a constant progression, upon a steady time line, of the increased order of the organization of society. However, this is not the kind of progress that was sought by two widely known philosophers and teachers, Plato and Confucius. The kind of social reform and alteration displayed in the teachings and writings of both of these men, examine a movementRead MoreThe Political Theories Of The Notorious Philosophers- Confucius959 Words   |  4 PagesThe political theories of the notorious philosophers— Confucius, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Marx, Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau— have significantly impacted the American Political System of today through their timeless appeal. If these philosophers were alive today, what would their perception be of the American Political System to date? Confucius, a Chinese philosopher, in 551 BCE - 479 BCE created Confucianism, centered upon restoring â€Å"peace and order.† According to Simon WorrallRead MoreConfucius, Aristotle, Aquinas, And Erasmus1713 Words   |  7 PagesConfucius, Plato, Aristotle, Quintilian, Aquinas, and Erasmus As a Christian educator, it is important to base educational practices on Biblical authority. Christian education should teach students to learn to act like God and to do His work (Graham, 2003). â€Å"True education is to develop knowledge of God and His created reality and to use that knowledge in exercising a creative-redemptive dominion over the world . . . â€Å" (Graham, 2003, p. 57). Being a Christian educator, does not mean that organizationalRead MoreSocrates And Confucius As Teachers3484 Words   |  14 PagesSocrates and Confucius as Educators Neither Confucius nor Socrates were regarded widely in their lifetimes as highly valuable and distinguished men. Their fates were colored with tragic hues, but their ethics have survived them and become immortalized as treasures of world culture. Socrates had a formative influence on Western philosophy, and he emphasized logical method, the meaning of human experience, and the quest for eudaimonia through moral excellence. His famous paradox, that no one does wrongRead MoreThe Tenants Of A Foolproof Governmental System2264 Words   |  10 Pagesand grow? These are hard questions to answer, but there have been a few key figures in history who have tried to answer them. Among the earliest texts on this topic, Confucius’ Analects give some key insights into the topic. He seems to think the key to this perfect government is for the leader and the people to be a â€Å"gentleman†. Plato brings a more detailed view on the topic with his The Republic. He decides that the key i s to have everyone specialized in the job they have the most aptitude in. ThenRead MoreAnalects Of Confucius997 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"fengshui† beard, Confucius remains one of Asia’s most highly regarded philosophers of all time. Today Confucianism is considered a way of life rather than a religion. This view of Confucianism is the very foundation of Confucius’s teachings. In The Analects of Confucius, readers are often directed by Confucius himself, regarding appropriate and virtuous manners throughout their lives. The  Analects  depicts Confucius as someone who transmits but not create [†¦] (7:1, Analects). What Confucius claimed toRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Philosophy And Philosophy998 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristics that make a government a perfect government is doing philosophy. One of the most well known and influential philosophers of the world, Plato, concluded the following about the value philosophy: the knowledge or value that philosophy produces â€Å"is the cause of all that is correct and beautiful in anything, that it produces both light and its source† (Plato 3). By doing philosophy, however minuscule or grand the subject of inquiry may be, a philosopher has the ability to obtain an understandingRead MoreReview of Personalities and Problems1573 Words   |  7 Pageseffective way to govern people. This is just one example of how he states the differences of the two personalities he discusses in a chapter. When Wolfe discusses Confucius and Plato, he states first states that they both agree that only virtuous people could create a peaceful community, but Confucius believed that all humans were good, and Plato believed that people were too easily deceived by greed. I have to say personally that this work is very important for a couple of reasons. I feel that the

Discipline and Obedience from the Montessori Perspective free essay sample

Discipline from a Montessorian perspective is a maturational process, it starts from birth and will be reached by the age of 6 or 7 years. â€Å"Let us always remember that inner discipline is something to come and not something already present. † (Montessori, 1988, p. 240) Discipline develops naturally in a child, through the opportunity to act freely and spontaneously within a favourable environment. It is this favourable environment that nurtures the childs natural drive to independence and to adopt a behaviour that is beneficial to him/her. It helps the child and offers him/herself experiences to develop from within himself/herself the capacity for order, self control. If we look back to when a child is born all his actions are driven solely by a hormic impulse, an inner guide that directs the child towards independence, an urge to satisfy his own human tendencies. The actions are not reliant on the conscious will of the child to do something, but reliant upon a natural development, an unconscious urge which stimulates â€Å"the child to face the outer world and absorb it. We will write a custom essay sample on Discipline and Obedience from the Montessori Perspective or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Montessori, 1988, p. 77) This is evident in a young child who does not have the ability to share, or to control his/her natural impulse to snatch from another child that which he/she wants. It can be seen when a child is only able to obey a command when it is in compliance with, or when it meets his/her own needs or wants and is working in parallel with their hormic impulses. We must always allow the child the independence they desire to carry out their task and avoid stepping in when we see they are about to make a mistake. This will only help to delay their development and divert them from their natural path to self discipline. In the favourable environment the child is allowed to act independently and is given a freedom within limits. These limits take the form of ground rules. Ground rules are the parameters of acceptable behaviour, they are not there to limit the behaviour of the child, but to give him/her a freedom within those limits. They need to be established for the sake of the childs emotional well being and physical safety within an environment. They need to be consistent in order for the child to know what is expected of him/her and to nurture a sense of social cohesion and fairness. â€Å"A childs liberty should have as its limits the interests of the group to which he belongs.. we should therefore prevent a child from doing anything which may offend or hurt others. † (Montessori, 1972, p. 49-50) Everything in the favourable environment is child size and accessible. Materials and apparatus are all freely available for the child to choose from, enabling him/her to fulfil a desire, or to satisfy his/her inner motivation to carry out a particular task. Initially the childs actions will be driven by an unconscious urge, an impulse directing them towards an activity that they find interesting or one that is useful to their natural path of development. In the Montessori environment all the exercises are presented in a structured, orderly way and the child, through demonstrations and instruction, is educated in how to use the materials. When he/she is finished with the activity, he/she returns the apparatus back to its allocated place, keeping the order within the environment. All the materials contain a control of error, avoiding the need for a teacher to highlight the childs mistake, allowing him/her the freedom to correct himself/herself, with out the need for adult intervention. He/she is then left and allowed the freedom to carry out his/her task, as many times as he/she wants, for as long as he/she wants without any unnecessary interruptions. With this constant cycle of activity begins a process and through the many repetitions of the exercise the child gradually becomes aware, and conscious of his/her actions that his/her hands are performing. Through this awareness, his/her actions can no longer be considered a product of an inner desire, but have become actions performed with a consciousness and deliberation. â€Å"That which at first was but a vital impulse (horme) has become a deliberate act. The childs first movements where instinctive. Now he acts consciously and voluntarily and with this comes the awakening of the spirit. † (Montessori, 1988, p. 231) From observations made by Maria Montessori we have come to the understanding that discipline is a maturational process and can not be present in a child who has yet to develop his/her own will. Montessori, 1988, p. 234) â€Å".. will is the prior foundation in the order of development and obedience is the later stage resting on this foundation. † So obedience is reliant upon the child being in control of his/her actions and in having the ability to direct himself to a more constructive, beneficial behaviour. We would not expect a child to run before he/she could walk, he/she is physically incapable and we would not scold a baby for failing to carry out a command to run. So it is impossible to expect a child to be obedient with out having developed the means or the will to do so. Eventually, as the child develops further and after gaining much experience through his/her many interactions with the environment, his/her conscious will will begin to govern his/her behaviour and the development of discipline and obedience will begin to take place. With regards to the development of the will, Maria Montessori says, â€Å"Its development is a slow process that evolves through a continuous activity in relationship with the environment. (Montessori, 1988, p. 231). Self discipline is evident in a child when he/she has the ability to control his/her actions and ask for, or wait, for an item they desire, rather than just snatching it from anothers hand. They will also be able to share and negotiate and say no to people in a polite way. The development of obedience takes place in three stages and as we have discussed previously, it is a maturational process that will not be reached before the age of 6 or 7. In the first level from birth to 3 years the child cannot be influenced directly. The child only obeys what he/she is asked for if it complies with their needs at that time, or is something that feeds their hormic impulses or if it satisfies a natural urge. So within a Montessori environment the child is freely able to choose from the apparatus available, but he/she is only presented with an array of choices that are acceptable, useful to the child, and are valued by the teacher. The second level which is reached by the age of 3, is when the child obeys, on the condition that what we ask of them, is within their capabilities. They are now able to process information intelligently and act accordingly. They have developed an amount of self discipline that allows them to comply with those instructions that are not always in keeping with what they want to do. However sometimes they will not obey if they have a genuine reason eg, I am playing with.. , or I am doing The third level of obedience occurs when the childs will power is highly developed and takes place around the age of 6 or 7 years. It is an obedience developed out of respect for the people he/she admires and towards those who will help him/her along the continuous path of development. The child now obeys without questioning. Discipline, will and obedience are all characteristics of a period of development called the Socio Embryonic Stage (3-6 years) (Montessori (1988) believed that a child passes through several stages of development, the Socio Embryonic being one of them) This is a stage of a childs development where we witness the child passing through the sensitive periods for refinement of the senses and socialisation. It is a period relevant to much of what we have been discussing with regards to the development of the will and its relationship to discipline and obedience. The child is now passing from the unconscious absorbent mind to the conscious absorbent mind and will start to categorise the information he gained during his unconscious absorbent mind. By this stage he has developed the conscious will. It is a period of time where the child has developed a conscious will, he is able to control his/her actions and can to look at things from anothers point of view, he is growing out of egocentricity thinking. He/she is at the stage when they can understand social rules and frames and take responsibility for their actions. They are able to co-ordinate body and mind and are aware of the effect their behaviour has on others in their environment. The child has been exposed to various experiences that have helped him/her to follow a natural path of development towards discipline and obedience. The conscious will has been developed through continuous movement and activity and the chance to act independently and freely within the environment, â€Å"Conscious will is a power which develops with use and activity. † (Montessori, 1988, p. 31) We can see how the maturational process has been allowed to develop and the childs will to unfold over a period of time and activity. The childs needs have been met and he/she has arrived at the destination that is will, discipline and obedience. Independence, movement and conscious action are the seeds of discipline and its fruit is obedience. â€Å"The power to obey is the last phase in the development of the will, which in turn has made obedience possible. † (Montessori, 1988, p. 239) .

Through The History Of The United States There Have Been A Countless N

Through the history of the United States there have been a countless numbers of poets. With them came an equal number of writing styles. Certainly one of the most unique poets to write life's story through his own view of the world and with the ambition to do it was Walter Whitman. Greatly criticized by many readers of his work, Whitman was not a man to be deterred. Soon he would show the world that he had a voice, and that it spoke with a poet's words. Afoot and lighthearted I take to the open road, Healthy, free, the world before me, the long brown path before me leading wherever I choose. Thus Whitman began his "Song of the Open Road". This paper will attempt to describe his life and poetry in a way that does justice to the path he chose. He was a man who grew up impoverished, who wrote from his experiences, and who tried to lift his fellow men above life's trivialities. These are the points to be discussed on these pages. To know the essence of Walter Whitman, you would have to understand the heart of his writing. For he is in his pen. Walter Whitman was born in West Hills, Long Island, New York, on May 31, 1819 . He did not have much opportunity for education in his early life. His parents were mostly poor and illiterate- his father a laborer, while his mother was a devout Quaker. Whitman was one of nine children and little is known about his youth except that two of his siblings were imbeciles. No wonder he demonstrated such an insight for life in his poems. In 1830, at the age of eleven, he worked as an office boy for a lawyer, where he learned the printing trade. Whitman would soon take up teaching at various schools in Long Island. He also engaged in carpentry and house building while he edited newspapers. His early years seemed to show an active interest in working with the public. Whitman at one time accepted a job with a New Orleans newspaper, and in doing so exposed himself to a great deal of the country. Getting to New Orleans required traveling over the Cumberland Gap and down rivers, of which he later wrote. America seemed to be both his home and inspiration. In "Calamus", part of his single book, Leaves of Grass, he writes of Louisiana as a "live oak growing", thus showing the joy he felt in everything he saw . In short, Whitman lived trough the nation's heroic age, at a time when people had to be (or seemed to be) a little more than life-size to accomplish all the deeds they undertook. It was natural that Whitman, with his genius and metaphysical inclinations, should have drifted into journalism, a profession that could make some demands on his native endowments. As much as he was a traveler, he was also a man of the people. In one of his reviews, he described himself as "never on platforms amid the crowds of clergymen, or professors, or aldermen, or co ngressmen- rather down in the bay with pilots in their pilot boats- or off on a cruise with fishers in a fishing smack- or writing on a Broadway omnibus, side by side with the driver- or with a band of loungers over the open grounds of the country- fond of New York and Brooklyn- fond of the life of the great ferries." Whitman obviously felt a kinship with his country, and later exhibited this in his writings. He also was not a man to follow others. "Self-reliant, with haughty eyes, assuming to himself all the attributes of his country, steps Walt Whitman into literature, talking like a man unaware that there was ever hitherto such a production as a book, or such a being as a writer". Whitman's major work, Leaves of Grass, was first published on the fourth of July in 1855. He was thirty-six years old, not yet a published writer, and could not find any company willing to take a chance on his unusual style. His experience in newspapers allowed him to help publish his work himself, even setting up some of the type and distributing

102 Critical Thinking and Ignorance Professor Ramos Blog

102 Critical Thinking and Ignorance What is Critical Thinking? Quick Write What is critical thinking? Write for two minutes. What is Critical Thinking? Quality of Thinking, Quality of Life 30 Days to Better Thinking and Better Living Through Critical Thinking Critical thinking, in a rich sense of the term, is self-guided disciplined thought that attempts to reason at the highest level of quality in a fairminded way. From our textbook. Critical comes from the Greek word  krinein, meaning â€Å"to separate, to choose†; above all, it implies  conscious  inquiry (4). Conscious also means to be awake or aware. This suggests that by examining our reasoning, we can understand the basis of our judgments and decisions – ultimately, so that we can make better ones. According to Google: Critical Thinking – the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment. Critical Thinking According to our textbook, to think critically, you must question not only the beliefs and assumptions of others, but also one’s own beliefs and assumptions (5). Identify important problems. Explore relevant issues. Evaluate available evidence. Consider the implications of the decisions. Critical thinking is NOT collecting information to support established conclusion. Survey, considering as many perspectives as possible. Analyze, identifying and then separating out the parts of the problem. Evaluate, judging the merit of various ideas, claims, and evidence. Why is it important? Texas GOP wants to get rid of critical thinking.   Ignorance According to our textbook, to think critically, you must question not only the beliefs and assumptions of others, but also one’s own beliefs and assumptions (5). â€Å"Most of us assume whatever we believe to be â€Å"right.† Though we were taught much of what we believe before we could critically analyze our beliefs, we nevertheless defend out beliefs as  the truth† (Elder and Paul). Vocabulary Ignorance  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  lack of knowledge or information. Intellectual Arrogance  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the tendency to confidently assert as true what you do not in fact know to be true. Intellectual Humility  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  awareness of the extent of your ignorance. People with a high degree of intellectual humility understand that there is far more that they will  never  know that they will  ever  know (Elder and Paul). Acknowledge that you may be wrong, until you find sufficient evidence to prove your belief. Notice when you argue if you are justifying your beliefs. Do you have evidence? Question your beliefs, especially religious, cultural, or political. Research from multiple perspectives. Explore new beliefs. Weekly Journals Every week, you will locate an article, news report, social media post, or related in some way to the class discussion or readings.   First, summarize the text, explaining how you are understanding what they are saying. Second, respond to the article using the skills we will be working on in class. About 250 words. Reply to the post on the blog or type and print it out to hand in by Monday 2BR02B Solution The proposal asks that we define a problem and come up with a solution that we can implement to the problem. It is important in critical thinking to think thought the decisions. If you come up with a solution, you have to think of the implications it will have. Will it lead to problems in the future? While we may not be able to predict with certainty if it will cause problems, we can think through it and anticipate some possible negative outcomes. Kurt  Vonnegut 2BR02B Homework Read Chapter 1, Critical Thinking

Definition and Examples of Cooperative Overlap

Definition and Examples of Cooperative Overlap In conversation analysis, the term cooperative overlap refers to a face-to-face interaction in which one speaker talks at the same time as another speaker to demonstrate an interest in the conversation. In contrast, an interruptive overlap is a competitive strategy in which one of the speakers attempts to dominate the conversation. The term cooperative overlap was introduced by sociolinguist Deborah Tannen in her book Conversational Style: Analyzing Talk Among Friends (1984). Examples and Observations [Patrick] had to wait another five minutes or so before his wife remembered he was there. The two women were  talking at the same time, asking and answering their own questions. They created a whirlwind of happy chaos.(Julie Garwood, The Secret. Penguin, 1992)Mama sat with Mama Pellegrini, the two of them talking so rapidly that their words and  sentences overlapped  completely. Anna wondered, as she listened from the parlor, how they could understand what each was saying. But they laughed at the same time and raised or lowered their voices at the same time.(Ed Ifkovic,  A Girl Holding Lilacs. Writers Club Press, 2002) Tannen on High Involvement Style One of the most striking aspects of high involvement style that I found and analyzed in detail was the use of what I called cooperative overlap: a listener talking along with a speaker not in order to interrupt but to show enthusiastic listenership and participation. The concept of overlap versus interruption became one of the cornerstones of my argument that the stereotype of New York Jews as pushy and aggressive is an unfortunate reflection of the effect of high involvement style in conversation with speakers who use a different style. (In my study I called the other style high considerateness).(Deborah Tannen, Gender and Discourse. Oxford University Press, 1994) Cooperation or Interruption? Cooperative overlap occurs when one interlocutor is showing her enthusiastic support and agreement with another. Cooperative overlap occurs when the speakers view silence between turns as impolite or as a sign of a lack of rapport. While an overlap may be construed as cooperative in a conversation between two friends, it may be construed as an interruption when between boss and employee. Overlaps and interrogative have different meanings depending on the speakers ethnicity, gender, and relative status differences. For example, when a teacher, a person of higher status, overlaps with her student, a person of lower status, typically the overlap is interpreted as an interruption.(Pamela Saunders, Gossip in an Older Womens Support Group: A Linguistic Analysis. Language and Communication in Old Age: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, ed. by Heidi E. Hamilton. Taylor Francis, 1999) Different Cultural Perceptions of Cooperative Overlap [T]he two-way nature of cross-cultural differences typically eludes participants in the throes of conversation. A speaker who stops talking because another has begun is unlikely to think, I guess we have different attitudes toward cooperative overlap. Instead, such a speaker will probably think, You are not interested in hearing what I have to say, or even You are a boor who only wants to hear yourself talk. And the cooperative overlapper is probably concluding, You are unfriendly and are making me do all the conversational work here... (Deborah Tannen, Language and Culture, in An Introduction to Language and Linguistics, ed. by R. W. Fasold and J. Connor-Linton. Cambridge University Press, 2000)

The Effects of Multimedia on Cultural Change in the Kingdom of Saudi Research Proposal

The Effects of Multimedia on Cultural Change in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Research Proposal Example The native language of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is Arabic, and is thus, the primary medium of oral and written communication. The Arabic language also â€Å"reflects and preserves the culture and customs of the desert society of Arabia that evolved long before the introduction of Islam† (Long, 2005, p. 82). Long (2005) maintained that Arabic is more than a liturgical language, but a living language echoing the culture of its people, then and now. Kendall (2011), however, believes that generally, cultures do not remain static. Forces are constantly at work which results either in gradual or abrupt cultural changes. There is reason to believe that like other cultures of the world, Saudi Arabia may not be immune to cultural changes. The computer and the Internet are believed to be responsible for the popularity of multimedia among people globally. Such popularity is believed to be a significant influence on how multimedia changes the lives of people in any society. Even Saudi Arabia, which according to Cordesman (2009) is generally regarded as a very conservative society then and now, did not remain unaffected by the changes brought about by multimedia. Based on a number of information technology statistics, Saudi Arabia posted 11.4 million Internet users from a population of 26,131,703, for an approximate Internet penetration of 43.6%. As of March, 2011, there are 4,092,600 Facebook accounts by Saudi Arabian nationals. Saudi Arabia posted higher Internet penetration rate than seven other Middle East nations, namely: Iran (42.6%); Kuwait (42.6%); Jordan (26.8%); Lebanon (26.4%); Syria (19.8%); Yemen (9.7%) and Iraq (1.1%) (Internet World Stats, 2011). Aims of the Proposed Study The study is being proposed to examine how multimedia has influenced cultural change in the Kingdom, aided by the computer and the Internet. Specifically, the aims of the study are: (1) describe the profile of the respondents in terms of gender, age, educational attainment, occupa tion and place of residence: (2) identify the types of multimedia equipment the respondents consider as indispensable for their activities at home in the office and in school: (3) measure the extent to which different forms of multimedia affect the people of Saudi Arabia as social beings; (4) explain how the culture of Saudi Arabia changed as a result of the introduction of various forms of multimedia and assess whether the respondents are amenable to these cultural changes; (5) describe how multimedia have an effect in the cultural changes which has occurred in Saudi Arabia in the last decade; (6) verify significant differences in the perspective of the respondents about the cultural changes when they are grouped according to the profile variables considered in the study. Methodology The study will involve 385 respondents selected using a web-based sample size calculator based on the following parameters: (1) a margin of error of 5%; (2) a confidence level of 95%; (3) a population size of 26,131,703; and (4) a response distribution of 50% (Raosoft, 2004). Respondents will be selected using purposive sampling. A survey questionnaire will serve as the main data gathering instrument. The questionnaire will be pilot tested among 20 respondents and the same will be subjected to content and face validation and reliability analysis. Data gathering will be carried out using a technology-mediated questionnaire

IMAX Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

IMAX Report - Essay Example These two people to help address the need for the business expansion of the company helped in making the company public so as to draw huge funds from outside. The two new owners to help address the need for market expansion of the company took resort to different strategies like changing the ambience of the IMAX theatres to be like that of the multiplexes and presenting films which would be different from the standardised ones. This strategy caught the attention of a niche crowd who were found visiting such theatres frequently. IMAX helped in developing the concept of showing cinemas in halls which would be in-built in buildings containing auditoriums, museums and other such public arenas. Herein the issue of dip in market capitalisation figures from $196 million during 1994 to $125 million during 2008 came out to be a matter of serious concern for the owners. The company apart from earning revenues from filming movies also created a revenue channel based on leasing of movie equipmen ts and other distribution activities (IVEY, 2009, p.1-3). Analysis of the Environment The analysis of the external environment of IMAX is conducted based on strategic tools like PESTEL, Porter’s Five Forces Model and also the understanding of the life cycle of the film industry in United States. PESTEL Analysis The PESTEL Analysis would help reveal the external environment of IMAX based on the region of United States and would focus on political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal aspects. Political Factors The film industry of United States depicts an internal political climate wherein several film producers like Walt Disney, Pixar, Warner Bros. and others are found to have created a lobby for them thus obstructing the entry of new firms. Further the Motion Picture Export Association (MPEA) in United States is found to render controlling measures upon the several factors pertaining to price levels and other distribution activities of the films pro duced by the industry to other foreign markets. This body also supports the lobbying activities of the film producing companies in United States (Wasko, 2003, p.180-181). Economic Factors The region of United States reflected a growing market for the growth of films. Thus during the period of 2007 around 603 films were found to be released which countered a huge revenue growth of around $9.6 billion. However the prices of the films demanded a standardisation to help attract larger number of viewers to the hall and thus took resort to large volumes of commercial advertising (IVEY, 2009, p.10-11). Social Factors Several social factors in the region of United States also impacted the type of cinemas which would be shown to the general public. It is found that the cinemas were considered in the American society as a medium for educating and entertaining children. Thus cinemas are increasingly being considered as the mediums for developing the American knowledge base. Further the existen ce of Latin American base is also found to largely impact the production of films in the region (IVEY, 2009, p.10; Sutherland and Feltey, 2009, p.102-103). Technological Factors Development of cinema technology in United States using high definition features in DVD recorders and the extensive use of internet and other camcorders to distribute the cinemas

My First Day Essay Essay Example for Free

My First Day Essay Essay My First Day†¦ As of today, August 30th, I, Blah blah blah, took the initiative to explore the entire campus. Today, the temperature could have possibly been right at about 93 degrees, and I decided to walk around this gigantic campus to waste time before my next class. During orientation week, I missed the campus tours because I was too busy sleeping my day away. So, what other way to compensate for lost time than to take my very own campus tour? Initially, I intended to look for the art buildings, but the best thing I discovered after my journey today happened to be the fact that the art buildings were being reconstructed. Just my luck. However, I did find the Knight Physics building which happens to be absolutely gorgeous. I also happened to stumble across the school’s arbortorium. I felt like I was walking through a jungle with my combat boots on and the leaves hovering above my head. I walked around in a circle and found my way to the school of law. The school of law is literally like its own kingdom within the campus. The students had their own law shirts, and the windows of the classroom even had curtains to block the sun out. I know curtains are a pretty simplistic observation, but I could not help but to find that fascinating! I have failed to sit in any classroom that had panels to block the sun. Only in the law school at the University of . As I walked away from the law school, I made my way towards the UC area and back around towards the Rat. Passing the vivacious students lounging with their friends, I hiked around the lake under the scorching sun wishing that I had a bottle of water, a hat, and maybe even some sun glasses. The heat was pretty unbearable. Passing between the Hecht and Stanford towers, I ventured towards the school of architecture. That is one white building. I expected it to be more lavish in its exterior design seeing that it is the school of architecture. I walked past the school of architecture and head back towards Mahoney-Pearson. I know that area pretty well. is my new home for now. As I left the Mahoney-Pearson area, I circled around towards the UC area again and crossed the winding paths towards the Whitten Learning Center. There was approximately 10 minutes left to spare before class started, and the brightest idea that I came up with all day was†¦ to finally sit down!

Life is But a Stage... :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

Life is But a Stage... Â   This fall I performed the role of Stage Manager in the local high school production of Thornton Wilder's Our Town. Our director didn't cast the role as the traditional lead, white male that most productions use; we cut the role into two female parts of different race. Without the traditional portrayal to fall back on, we had to create our characters from scratch. The thought crossed my mind a few times that my character didn't really have a name. Certain names remind you of stereotypes, and based on a name you can make some easy, general choices on how to portray that character. Mindy is a ditz, Christine can easily be a nerd, and Irma can make a nice old maid. That name association gives you a point to start from, after which you can explore other things. But where on earth do you start with a name like Stage? Â   I formed an image of a guy wearing dirty overalls, walking barefoot and playing guitar outside his cabin in the woods. He liked to philosophize about the world, and found that a little Bailey's in his coffee made that world slightly clearer. He didn't need people around and didn't completely understand them -- or maybe he did, and just got frustrated because they didn't understand themselves. He usually walked with his hands in his pockets, looking either up at the trees or down at the ground, but never focused at eye level. Somewhere in the process I adopted a feminine perspective on my character, very much a tomboy but also very much a woman. Â   At two points in the show I took on other roles. . . in Act Two I played the minister at the wedding, which was a background character and not very distinct. Then, with fairly short notice I took on the role of Joe the undertaker in Act Three. I learned the blocking and the lines quickly, but my problem was that I had to change into Joe right on-stage, and just after my favorite Stage Manager speech. I decided to use a few simple physical traits to help get into character. First I buttoned my shirt, which in three seconds was the only thing I could think of to give the audience some clue that I was changing identities. I developed a squint, changed the tone of my voice, and I gave Joe a limp by keeping my left knee locked.

Irp Lost and Found

In the story Lost and Found by Anne Scarf, There were many minor conflicts, but two major conflicts. The decisions the girls made to resolve the major conflicts lead to retaliation. One major conflict in the story was that Jamie, a 14 year old middle- school student, was dating a boy named Bobby Wallace, a high-school student, who wasn't a boy anyone would recommend talking to. Game's older sister, Dairy (who was also a high school student) tried to convince her younger sister that she wouldn't be socializing with him.The second major problem was the girl's father left them for 5 years, and now decides he wants to be a part of their lives. In the story, the youngest sister ran away because she was overwhelmed. They had no clue where she was, that's pretty much why I chose to make a missing persons t-shirt. When someone is missing, wearing t-shirts is a way good way to inform others that someone is missing. I added the books descriptions to describe Jamie and tried to raw a picture of how Jamie might look.In the story her father thought to look under a tree, which was where they found her. It was the last place she was happy. In all actuality, people don't think to look under a tree to find you, so I think the t-shirt idea would be useful. People evaluate your clothes every day and in real life, people wear t-shirt when someone is missing, or when someone dies. It catches other people attention and encourages them to help look.

How Risky is Risk

â€Å"The human understanding, once it has adopted an opinion , collects any instance that confirm it, and though the contrary instances may be more numerous and more weightily, it either does not notice them or else rejects them, in order that this opinion will remain unshaken. † Francis Bacon, 1620. Risk is a very interesting thing; people normally tend not to realize the real effect that risk takes in their lives.There are many kinds of risk, we want to focus on studying the financial risk, the perception of it, the effect that it has on the private banking behavior, their clients, and how they would be treated, the effect that it has on decision making, and the effect that it has o behavioral finance. Because when you start talking about behavioral finance you need to try to understand what risk represents and all of the effects it has. During this article we want to show why over 10% return margins shouldn't be viewed as something risky, but as something worth analyzing. Because in this times people are going to need over 10% margins if they still want to be making profits out of their investments. And once people understand what risk represents, what it represents ND all of its effects, they can start analyzing what they want and need out of their investments. And once they understand that, they are going to do anything to accomplish it, because as it is said in the quote at the beginning once the human understanding acquires a goal and an opinion on how to get to the goal, he will do anything to end up successfully. . Risk Risk by definition, is the potential of gaining something of value, weighed against losing something of value but, The term â€Å"risk†, means financial risk or uncertainty of financial loss† (Raglan, 2003). After using these terms for the purpose of this paper e will divide the study of risk into 3 parts: types of financial risk, the ways to measure IR and perception of risk. 2. 1 Types of risk There are many types of risk; we are going to focus on 5: credit risk, market risk, operational risk, regulatory risk, environmental risk.All of these are top priorities for banks to analyze throughout the operational process. Credit risk, is the potential that a borrower fails to meet his obligations on the terms that were agreed. There are 2 key components on defining credit risk, quantity of risk and the probability of default. The banking system manages credit risk using exposure ceilings, review renewal, risk rating, risk based in scientific pricing and portfolio management. Market risk is the possibility of loss caused by changes in market variables, it sums up to four components.Liquidity risk, this is divided into funding risk, time risk and call risk. Interest rate risk, which is the potential of negative impact coming from changes in rates. Foreign exchange risk and country risk. Operational risk: Human error risk. Regulatory risk: The risk implied by the government ‘s ability to make n ew laws and modify regulation. . 2 Wars to measure risk There are several methods to measure risk, we will be focusing on the most common ones and the ones that are better suited for Hedge Funds. Vary is used to quantify the exposure to the market risk, using standard statistics techniques.It measures the minimum expected loss that a firm may suffer under normal circumstances, over a set time period at a desired level of significance. One of the biggest setbacks with Vary is that it's useless in times of booms and crisis as it doesn't prevent you from being part of them. Another big problem with Vary is that it is one of the most moon risk measures and people tend to trust it too much without hesitation. (CITE) Standard deviation is a measure of dispersion of a set of data from its average. It is usually applied to the annual rate of return of an investment to measure the investment ‘s volatility. CITE) After taking a look at these 2 methods that are the most commonly used, we will be talking about the ones more suitable for the Hedge Fund industry, which are the following: Seminarian's or downside deviation is the average of the squared deviation of values that are less than the mean or a â€Å"minimum acceptable return†. This method is similar to variance, the difference between the two is that seminarian's focuses only on the negative fluctuations of the asset neutralizing all the values above the mean. This method primarily provides the estimate of loss that a portfolio could incur, keeping the estimated risk realistic. CITE) Kurtosis is a statistical measure used to describe the distribution of observed data used around the mesas. Kurtosis is also known as the measurement for the volatility of volatility. Its main purpose is to describe the trends in charts. Keenness describes asymmetry from the normal distribution in a set of statistical data. Keenness can come in the form of â€Å"negative keenness† or â€Å"positive keenness† , depending on whether data points are skewed to the left (negative skew) or to the right (positive skew) of the data average. CITE) After analyzing these methods, we can conclude that for a Hedge Fund and especially for clients investing in these it is better to use the seminarian's, kurtosis and keenness methods to analyze the risk of an investment. These three focus more on the downside risk of the portfolio instead of using the Vary that is only good on stable periods and doesn't account for drastic mimes, besides standard deviation and variance can be very deceiving in the context of analyzing the real risk that a portfolio can have focusing also on outlying positive returns. 3.Private banking What we want to analyze is the way private banks operate and especially how clients needs are met, how they are treated, how their money gets almost frozen with interest rates that barely covers their money from the effect of inflation, and how private banks earn a lot of money while clie nts barely earn real returns. Banks offer annulled returns between 3 and 5 percent which is usually not enough to meet paving expenses or inflation for the wealthy clients. An American study showed the following: â€Å"Americans said they need to earn average annual gains of 9. Percent above inflation to make their financial needs. Natives officials noted that inflation since 1964 has averaged 4. 2 percent annually, which means the average American has to generate 14 percent to meet their needs. â€Å"fee,2014) having this in mind clients can realize that they need to expect a bigger profit on their investments because they are actually losing money, their money is losing value and the only way f stopping this from happening is by demanding higher returns using alternative investments. High returns while taking minimal risk is a pipe dream; if asset growth is your priority, taking risk is crucial† Oaf,2014), and that is why clients need to be sure that risk is being managed in the most efficient manner. 3. 1 Clients The most important part of any financial institution are the clients, and most important thing about them is recognizing that every client is different and every client has different needs. Every client has to be treated differently to help them meet his/her goals. As the investigation of Dry.Rene Fischer and his team in the book â€Å"Wealth Management in new Realities†, â€Å"we identify 7 engagements that are shaping client behavior and needs† (Fischer, De Conge, OK, Topper, 2013), with this in mind we will take a look at those seven trends to give clients the best service possible while maintaining a steady margin of returns. Engagement one: Changing demographics. The population is growing and also the markets, clients need security and information that their money is secure and generating profit.Engagement two: Globalization and future markets. With the Gap's of various developing countries rowing at a fast pace, clients are starting to look at investing in new markets. Engagement three: Scarce resources and climate change. Global awareness is growing for environmental issues that can create new opportunities in clean energies, and a new set of investments in ecological matters for clients. Engagement four: Economic crises and insecurities. With the volatility of the market, clients are starting to be insecure about their money.It is the financial institution ‘s Job to keep clients informed about the situation their money is in, and make them feel safe that their money is in good hands. Engagement five: Dynamic technology and innovation. With all the changes in information technologies, â€Å"more and more people are getting connected and are sharing information on the go' (Fischer, De Conge, OK, Topper, 2013), this makes clients better informed and more aware about what is happening to their money.Engagement six: Sharing global interest responsibility. With the shift towards global cooperati on and MONGO ‘s gaining power, clients are demanding socially responsible investments. Engagement seven: Global knowledge society. This trend goes hand in hand with trend number five, with new technologies of information, society has easier access to new information and the tools to know what is happening.With all these trends happening, clients want to be more informed and still get the same yield, but with the misinformation, manipulation and misunderstood promises from the monetary agents, the clients think that having their money working to win Just a little over inflation Just to avoid losing money might be wrong, because with the globalize economy that we have this days studies that are being made all around the world can be generalized, so if something is happening in Europe you could assume that something similar is happening morpheme else.So with this in mind after taking a look in some studies made in India we saw that the inflation is not the same for every social c lass and that the general inflation that everyone takes for granted does really have much effect on the middle and high class, because it is made out from an average of items that don't really affect does two classes, and we are focusing on them because they are the ones that are clients of the financial institutions, and the prices of the items that they acquire are going up stronger that the regular inflation, so that is why they are not retorted with the interest rates that they receive, and they are in fact losing money which is the one thing that they were trying to avoid. 4. Behavioral finance There are many factors involved in the process of understanding behavioral finance.To understand this you have to start with risk perception, understanding why people tend to make certain decisions, and after that study the behavioral biases investors exhibit to see what drives the intuition of most individuals. Behavioral finance can help a financial institution prevent certain human fa ctors that can be mitigated at the mime of making decisions and preventing psychological factors to play an important role in the decision making process. 4. 1 Risk perception Risk perception is one of the most important elements of psychological effect on the market. Trying to understand why people tend to make certain decisions at certain times is one of the biggest questions in this matter.Many investigations have been made about the subject, one that stood out was: â€Å"The Psychological Impact of Booms and Busts on Risk Preferences in Financial Professionals† by Cohn, Fear and Marcella. During this experiment they decided to manipulate two different kinds of lotteries giving different options in different controlled markets. Their final conclusion was that there will always be a psychological/emotional factor that can't be measured with precision but you can be sure that during times of booms people tend to be overly optimistic and risk is not their biggest concern, and during times of busts people usually tend to be overly conservative and almost allergic to risk.This can be obvious in both cases as it is when biases come into play. This is why risk can be a risky thing when you are not certain that is being measured the right way. If the risk is being measured correctly, psychological factors shouldn't have any weight in the decision making process. 4. 2 Behavioral bias Behavioral biases in finance are tendencies to act in a certain way; they can lead someone to a systematic deviation from a standard of rationality or good Judgment. Five biases that we believe can be the most common ones in an investor are the following: 1. – Confirmation bias is the tendency that makes people believe in information only if confirms their beliefs and hypothesis. 2.Optimism bias is the tendency to think that you are less at risk of experiencing a negative event than others. 3. – Loss aversion bias is the tendency that agents take on when they prefer the option of avoiding a loss than the option of acquiring gains. 4. – Self-serving bias is the tendency to distort a process because of the need to maintain and enhance once self-esteem. 5. – Planning fallacy bias is the tendency to underestimate the time that it will take to complete a task. These are only some of the behavioral biases that play a significant factor in the psychological process of making decisions. It has to be taken into account that all of them could affect an investor 5.Conclusion â€Å"The human brain has evolved to be very efficient at pattern recognition, but as the confirmation bias shows, we are focused on finding and confirming patterns rather than minimizing our false conclusions. Yet we needn't be pessimist, for it is possible to overcome our prejudices. It is a start simply to realize that chance events, too, produce patterns. It is another great step if we learn to question our perceptions and our theories. Finally, we should learn to spend as much time looking for evidence that e are wrong as we spend searching for reasons we are correct. † (Millions, 2008). After looking at previous evidence, it is clear that both Private Bankers and Clients have a misconception about risk.Behavioral biases transform risk into fear which if not mitigated by Private Bankers leads to inefficient allocation in Client's portfolios, and a controlling position in their relationship. This is why Bankers usually oversee those investments that they are not familiar with and reject them or cause Clients to reject them without studying their process and risk/reward ratio. This is the case with vast majority of Alternative Investments. We encourage Clients to keep a critical point of view with regards to their portfolios and continuously question their Banker's recommendations. By being involved in their investment decisions and being up to date on current market trends Clients will have a correct attitude towards risk when it comes to investing.

Mole Relations in Balanced Equations Example Problems

Mole Relations in Balanced Equations Example Problems These are worked chemistry problems showing how to calculate the number of moles of reactants or products in a balanced chemical equation. Mole Relations Problem #1 Determine the number of moles of N2O4 needed to react completely with 3.62 mol of N2H4 for the reaction 2 N2H4(l) N2O4(l) → 3 N2(g) 4 H2O(l). How to Solve the Problem The first step is to check to see that the chemical equation is balanced. Make sure the number of atoms of each element are the same on both sides of the equation. Remember to multiply the coefficient by all atoms following it. The coefficient is the number in front of a chemical formula. Multiply each subscript only by the atom right before it. The subscripts are the lower numbers found immediately following an atom. Once you verify the equation is balanced, you can establish the relationship between the number of moles of reactants and products. Find the relation between moles of N2H4 and N2O4 by using the coefficients of the balanced equation: 2 mol N2H4 is proportional to 1 mol N2O4 Therefore, the conversion factor is 1 mol N2O4/2 mol N2H4: moles N2O4 3.62 mol N2H4 x 1 mol N2O4/2 mol N2H4 moles N2O4 1.81 mol N2O4 Answer 1.81 mol N2O4 Mole Relations Problem #2 Determine the number of moles of N2 produced for the reaction 2 N2H4(l) N2O4(l) → 3 N2(g) 4 H2O(l) when the reaction begins with 1.24 moles of N2H4. Solution This chemical equation is balanced, so the molar ratio of reactants and products may be used. Find the relation between moles of N2H4 and N2 by using the coefficients of the balanced equation: 2 mol N2H4 is proportional to 3 mol N2 In this case, we want to go from moles of N2H4 to moles of N2, so the conversion factor is 3 mol N2/2 mol N2H4: moles N2 1.24 mol N2H4 x 3 mol N2/2 mol N2H4 moles N2 1.86 mol N2O4 Answer 1.86 mol N2 Tips for Success The keys to getting the correct answer are: Make sure the chemical equation is balanced.Use the coefficients in front of compounds to get molar ratios.Check to make sure you use the appropriate number of significant figures for atomic masses and report mass using the correct number of figures.

The Other N-Words

The Other N-Words The Other N-Words The Other N-Words By Mark Nichol My recent post about terms for ethnic groups prompted a note from a site visitor proposing that I write about taboo words. I was not niggardly in my gratitude to the correspondent for his suggestion. Did your eyes just pop out when you read the fourth word in that last sentence? Unlikely, because most DailyWritingTips.com visitors know that niggardly has nothing to do with a similar-sounding offensive term for black people. But many people persist in thinking it does. In the late 1990s, an employee of the Washington, DC, mayor’s office resigned in the aftermath of his innocent use of the word, and a few years later, a schoolteacher came under fire when she included the term in a vocabulary lesson. Another person has noted that he avoids using the word renege around black people, even though it has nothing to do with the derogatory word nigger, derived from Negro. Nor does niggling, but some people argue that such near homophones should be tossed from the word-hoard because somebody, somewhere might be offended. Nitty-gritty, part of the idiomatic expression â€Å"get down to the nitty-gritty,† is a hoary word (oops perhaps I shouldn’t have used that adjective), but it’s also evocative. Unfortunately, some people believe erroneously that it originally referred to the excretory debris left in a slave ship after the cargo had been removed. Evidently, nitty-gritty was in fact originally a synonym for an adjective that rhymes with its component words, but now it is merely synonymous to business in â€Å"get down to business.† What about the original n-word? Did you flinch when I used it above? How dare I type the actual word! Well, it’s in the dictionary, for one thing, and I have a valid reason to use it in this dispassionate, scholarly context. (But I admit I’d hesitate to use it in front of one or more black people, even if I were reading this post aloud in a group setting.) Should nigger be allowed in print or online? It’s absurd to dodge it in a neutral context such as a post about usage. How about in literature? Mark Twain used it in Huckleberry Finn to further identify the fugitive slave Jim. Doing so was proper in the historical context of that work, and no one can deny that Twain considered Jim one of his most admirable characters. And anyone who refrains from using it in a valid literary context in a novel about young inner-city blacks who blithely bandy it about, for instance is self-censoring. The word is, admittedly, broadly unacceptable in written and spoken discourse. But should I be prohibited from using it in an essay about derogatory or allegedly derogatory language? Should it be stricken from reprints of Huckleberry Finn, and excuse the expression blacked out in all existing copies? Should a book about the ’hood omit it? The word is used countless times every day all over the United States. Most writers and speakers are justified in using it because they are black, and they’re taking it back, or because it’s being used in a valid context. Others, racists who use it to denigrate an ethnic group, are also justified because they are exercising a constitutional right to free speech, but that doesn’t mean I like it. Do we even have a right, if we’re not black, to decide whether to use it? It has eminently painful associations for black people, regardless of whether it has been used against them as a weapon. For that reason, I’m sensitive enough to use it only in this type of context. But I won’t refrain from using it as such, and I certainly won’t avoid writing or saying niggardly or niggling under any circumstances. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?Taser or Tazer? Tazing or Tasering?35 Synonyms for Rain and Snow

Answer questions from provided book and information Research Paper

Answer questions from provided book and information - Research Paper Example analyses, identifying the firm’s competitive advantage, designing a competitive strategy, and designing an organizational structure that fits the strategy (Spulber, 2009). The strategy process in Scenario 1 could change in terms of it being a new entrant as an entrepreneurial set-up; as contrasted with Scenario 2 where the firm manifests a rapidly growing trend. As such, goal setting is still the paramount concern for Scenario 1 while it could be deduced that under Scenario 2, the new head of a division, previously set goals are assumed to be clearly set and the relevant steps to consider in strategy management are steps 2 to 5 to determine whether there is a need to revise or redesign competitive strategy in view of changing external factors and internal resources. As a manager, goal setting must be designed in a most appropriate and effective manner which integrates the abilities of the organization with the opportunities posed in the market. As such, there should be an overall organizational goal that is clearly designed and communicated; not a series of different types of goals which could confuse stakeholders in determining which to achieve. The process of external and internal analyses for Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 would be different; since Scenario 1 is a start-up corporation with no historical information regarding external factors that impact its operations; nor any internal resources yet that define the organization’s strengths or weaknesses. For Scenario 2, historical information abounds and therefore, the extent and comprehensiveness of external and internal analyses would be greater and more challenging. Again, for the analysis of competitive advantage and competitive strategy, the two companies would differ in terms of availability of historical information. For Scenario 1, the company is still in the goal setting stage and therefore identification of its competitive advantage and strategy would be premised on what it perceives it could do to

Identify the principal powers available to the courts in England & Essay

Identify the principal powers available to the courts in England & Wales in connection with statutory interpretation. How does t - Essay Example One system of employment tribunals that works for England, Wales, and Scotland also exists. In both England and Wales, the house of lords handles matters of highest appeals. In such cases, only the law lords are charged with the responsibility of proceeding over these cases. The Supreme Court judicature act 1873 however abolished this. This was done through the elections where the parliament passed the bill to have the Supreme Court in place. However, an amendment preserving the judicial function of the House of Lords was passed. The court was then used to handle impeachment cases in England, even though nowadays they are considered Magistrate court refers to the lower courts in which all criminal proceedings begin. Certain civil issues can also be decided in these courts, these include family matters (Probert, 2011). These courts have been meant in such a way that they can deliver justice in a swift and simple mean. In England and Wales, there are many magistrates’ courts; th e number is approximate to be over 360. The jurisdiction of these courts lays o the various powers that the legal system gives them. Offences especially those termed as summary offences are often considered small offences and are thus punishable under the powers of magistrates’ limited courts. ... Indictable offences may include rape, murder, and robbery among others. The cases here are heard by the judges at district judge in the magistrate or by three bench magistrate. The magistrate courts have no jury. The police undertake the investigation of these cases and then the prosecution is done accordingly. Defendant can chose to hire to solicitor to represent them in court. This is often catered by the state. Jurisdiction and sentencing powers of the courts In regards to issues related to criminology, the magistrate courts also used to be referred to as police courts both in England and Wales were put in place to deal with little offences at a speedy manner. Nearly all the criminal cases begin and stop at this point. Serious crimes are often taken to crown courts. It is approximated that 95% of many cases are handed at this point. Least serious criminal offences like driving cases, criminal damage of minimal damage, drug possession, vandalism, and criminal damages. All these are dealt with at summery proceedings in the magistrate court. In such cases, the defendants lack the right to jury trial and they have no formal indictment (Miller & Jentz, 2011). The verdict lies in the hands of the magistrates and judges at the courts. Sentencing powers in the magistrate courts have certain limitations. There are certain offences that have their limitations. For instance, they are capable of inflicting fines up to five thousand US dollars and can pass an imprisonment sentence. When the magnitudes of offences are big, the limitation is often raised. This means that such cases can attract high fines of up to over $ 50, 0000. There are certain cases like driving offences where the driver can be penalized by being disqualified from driving for some time. Such cases

Cell Phone Radiation Effects on Humans Research Paper

Cell Phone Radiation Effects on Humans - Research Paper Example However, there are ongoing studies that are examining the issue more closely (How Cell-phone Radiation Works) Cellphones have revolutionized not only the communication process, but also the human life in different manners. A world without cellphones is unimaginable now because of the various types of utilities associated with it. Earlier cellphones were used for communication purposes alone; however current cellphones are capable of providing facilities like video/audio recording, camera, internet/email, multimedia, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) etc. In short cellphones are getting smarter and smarter and its influence on human life goes on increasing as time goes on. Amidst all the above mentioned utilities of cellphone, the concerns about the health problems generated by cellphones are also growing. Cellphones and cellphone towers can generate harmful radiations which can affect human health negatively. While sending and receiving calls cellphones produce different types of micr owave radiations which can cause health problems in future. Cancer, Brain tumor, Alzheimer’s, dementia, Parkinson’s, Autism, Fatigue, Headaches, Sleeping problems, memory malfunctions etc are some of the health problems associated with mobile phone radiations. This paper analyses the cellphone radiation effects on humans. Scientists exposed 10 female volunteers to radiation at 900 megahertz from GSM phones to simulate an hour-long phone call. They screened 580 different proteins in their skin cells and found that the numbers of two proteins were altered in all of the volunteers: one protein increased by 89 percent, the other decreased by 32 percent. This study shows that even without heating, molecular level changes take place in response to exposure to cell phone frequency electromagnetic radiation (How cellphone radiations can Affect Your Cells?) Radiations are energy forms which has both particle and wave nature. It occurs naturally from isotopes of some elements an d also it can reach the earth from sun or outer universe. Radiations can be generated from some manmade activities also. Nuclear power generators, mobile phones etc are some of the manmade radiation sources. Radiations are of different types; however electromagnetic radiations seem to be the most prominent one. Electromagnetic radiations are of two types; ionizing and non-ionizing. Ionizing radiations like gamma rays and X- rays have the ability to alter chemical reactions inside the body. Non-ionizing radiation such as visible light may not cause many problems to human health even though it can produce some heating effects. Cellphones are producing ionizing radiations in plenty and therefore the chances of a mobile users getting affected by these radiations are immense. â€Å"At high levels, radio-frequency energy can rapidly heat biological tissue and cause damage such as burns, according to a recent report from the U.S. General Accounting Office† (How Cell-phone Radiation Works). Cellphones cannot transmit or receive the ordinary low frequency sound waves. Sound waves need to be superimposed with high frequency electromagnetic carrier waves in order to send it to long distances. A process of modulation and demodulation is taking place inside the cellphones in order to send and receive audible sound waves. Modulation is the process of superimposition of sound waves with electromagnetic carrier waves whereas demodulation is the process of isolation of sound waves and carrier waves from the modulated radio frequency waves. â€Å"Modulated information-carrying radio waves resonate in biological frequencies of a few to a few hundred cycles per second, and can stimulate your cellular receptors causing a whole

Factors Impacting UK Winter Wheat Crops

Factors Impacting UK Winter Wheat Crops Summary Wheat is one of the main important cereal crops in the world. Also as one of the essential and important agricultural products. Wheat is considered as a strategic product due to its significant role in political and economic areas in the countries. Loss of wheat may harm the economy in several aspects, including reduced production rates, increased need for imports and waste the inputs required for the production (Fallah and Rasouliazar, 2016). In the UK average yields of winter wheat have increased progressively from the 1950s to the present a rate of approximately 100 kg ha-1 yr-1. Until the late 1980s, the increase was attributed about half to plant breeding and the half to husbandry. (Shearman et al., 2005) Any action was taken to improve the quantity and quality of the wheat would be of great importance. Many factors came together for increasing yield of a winter wheat crop in the UK. Including plant establishment, rotation management, nutrient management, disease, pest and weed control, and soil management. Each factor can affect or limit yield performance. In this research, we investigate factors that influence winter wheat crops and which will improve yield performance. Introduction Cereal crops are a major staple food worldwide, contributing more than 50% of total human calorie input directly. In the last twenty years, the annual increment in the average yields of UK wheat and oilseed rape increased slightly. In the second half of the 20th-century cereal yields for example wheat, in the worldwide from 1 to 3 t haà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1and in the UK approximately less than three t haà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 increased (Fischer and Edmeades, 2010; Hawkesford et al., 2013. ) Wheat is one of the important cereal crops in the world. Wheat is special in several ways for instance in humans food, they are used to make flour for yeast bread, or are blended with soft spring wheat to make the all- purpose flour used in a wide variety of baked products and The highest grain yields are obtained with winter wheat. In this research, we investigate factors affecting winter wheat crops, and Evaluate of them can lead us to adjust management to achieve a greater yield. Crop Nutrition Each plant needs a different range of nutrients at every critical stage of its development. Cereal crops use nutrients for growth, progressively moving them from the roots and stems into the ear before the dying off and harvesting of the grain. For example, Phosphorus (P) is a vital component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which supplies the energy for many processes in the plant. Magnesium (Mg) is also a key component of leaf chlorophyll and the enzymes that support plant growth. Zinc and Boron directly influence the growth and yield of cereals and other crops, especially during flowering (Ghaffar et al., 2011). Wheat as an important source of minerals such as iron, zinc, copper and magnesium. The dietary intake of these nutrients have decreased significantly in recent years in the UK which corresponds with the introduction of semi-dwarf, high-yielding cultivars. (Ming-Sheng Fan et al., 2008) Semi-dwarf and high-yielding crop cultivars were responsible for increasing inputs of fertilisers and other agrochemicals which increased grain yield, however, increase in agronomic yield led to lower density of minerals in grain. The hypothesis of Davis et al indicated that decline in the nutrients in crops is because of changing in crops to varieties with improved yield. Ming-Sheng Fan et al, in the result of their experiments they also indicated that decreasing mineral concentrations in wheat grain are partly due to a dilution effect resulting from increased yield. It appears changing cultivars was affecting the mineral concentration. This change is further supported by (Flintham et al., 1997) that as a conclusion of the introduction of short-straw cultivars, HI (harvest index) increased, however mineral concentration significantly decreased in grain. The solution for helping minerals in grain is to add micronutrients. Supplementation, diversification of diet and bio-fortification of crops by agronomic or genetic methods such as plant breeding can increase the micronutrients; the genetic methods are considered to be the most efficient for resource-poor populations in developing countries (Graham et al., 1999; Bouis, 2002; Welch and Graham, 2004). In the germplasm of the main crops there is a sufficient genetic variation in micronutrient concentrations, which can be explored in breeding strategies to combine the high nutrient density with the high-yielding traits(Graham et al.,1999; Cakmak et al ., 2004) such as Triticum Oflococum, Triticum dicoccol, and Triticum dicoccoides (Cakmak et al.,1999a, 2000; Ortiz-Monasterio and Graham ,2000) Among wild wheat germplasm, the emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, showed the largest variation and the highest concentration of micronutrients (Cakmak et al., 2000). Crop rotation One of the most effective management methods to prevent the development of the large population of plant diseases is crop rotation. Crop rotation means the planned order of specific crops planted on the same field (Huber et al., 1965), for example soil-borne pathogens which cause soil-borne diseases that lead to reducing crop yields can be controlled with rotations with non-host crops. Also, rotation suppresses Take all disease, Cephaelosporium stripe, Cercosporella foot rot and Cercosporella herpotrichoides (Welch et al., 2004). However, this method is used for preventing and it cannot reduce the size of the population significantly, therefore it is better to view crop rotation as preventive rather than curative. Different crop rotations may have different effects on different pathogens, for instance Meloidogyne incognita were reduced by crops of crotalaria, marigold or bahiagrass while the population of Trichodorus christei were increased (Murphy et al.,1974), so it is vital to understand plant disease before planting crops. Crop Rotation benefits are = Maintains soil fertility. Reduces soil erosion. Controls pests, disease and weeds Reduces reliance on synthetic chemicals. There are two major limits for crop rotation, the first one is some pathogens have many host ranges so it may be difficult to identify them, for example Rhizoctonia solani .The second one is that non-host crops may have little monetary value, so the selection of crops to use for rotation may be small. (Battese and Fuller, 1972) and if crops rotation not chosen properly, have chances of competition between the crops for nutrients. Establishment management One of the most important factors that can provide the correct condition for both growing and crop establishment is tillage. Tillage is accomplished to optimise productivity by alleviating physical, chemical and biological constraints of soil (Gajri et al., 2002). Progressive tillage systems are developed to minimise cultivation costs and meet a range of variables such as soil or climate. It also improves the timeliness of planting which leads to an improved crop establishment. (Morris et al., 2010) In the UK, current tillage systems can be divided into two general categories; Inversion tillage, known as conventional plough tillage, and Conservation tillage, known as non-inversion tillage. Inversion tillage, inclusive of seed bed preparation by complete soil inversion, incorporates or buries most of the crop residue into the ground and consists of two processes: tillage and secondary tillage. Conservation tillage leaves the previous years crop residue (such as wheat) on fields before and after planting the next crop using the two processes of strip tillage and direct drilling to reduce soil degradation and achieve a sustainable balance between production (Carter et al., 2003a) (Davies and Finney,2002). No-till, known as direct drilling or zero tillage, is a conventional tillage system which sows directly in previous crops without any prior loosening of the soil cultivation. (Soane et al., 2012). Ploughing system is a farm implement used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting to loosen or turn the soil. Ploughing system can expose soil compacted at harvest, therefore when it is loosened by weather it increases mixing of nutrients which is beneficial. Ploughing reduces risk of crop disease, pests and weeds. In contrast, no-till increases area capability and reduces overall costs such as fuel and machinery (Soane et al., 2012). Other limited and benefit of ploughing and no-till present in table 1. Table1. Agronomic advantages and disadvantages of No-till and ploughing No-till Ploughing Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Reduce run-off, soil erosion and cost. Increase soil fertility. Increase area capability reduction of compaction below plough furrow Not suitable for controlling weeds, pest. Reduce grains yields. crop residue Remain on the soil surface Crop establishment problems during very wet and very dry. reduced nitrogen availability for yield Completely buries weeds and crop residue. Increase mixing of nutrients when loosened by weather Reduced weeds ,crop diseases and pest Suitable for preparing a seedbed after grass. High cost (fuel and machinery). Increased CO 2 emission. Extreme looseness to depth of ploughing. High sensitivity to re-compaction of topsoil. Pest management Crop plants are attacked by many pests that affect plant survival, growth, and reproduction and as a result influence crop yield. Approximately 22% of the total area of wheat in the UK is affected by slugs without pesticides, Calculated that total annual cost to the UK industry from not controlling slugs in oilseed rape and wheat is approximately  £43.5 million. (Nicholls, 2013). Pests can cause crop-damaging by reducing rates of germination, feeding on seeds, roots, stem and leaves which reduce yields. In crop growth stages, pests can reduce yield potential of the harvest and Reduces crops ability to compensate for damage caused later in development and cause harm to crops near their harvest by reduces yield and quality. (Oerke, 2006; Damalas and Eleftherohorinos, 2011) For example, two different aphid detriment in cereals crops in the UK because they transmit barley yellow dwarf luteovirus and Grain aphid Sitobion avenae. (Nicholls, 2013) Despite these commonly acknowledged risks, pesticides do improve agricultural productivity. Pesticides can be considered as an economic, labor-saving, and efficient tool for pest management and can do improve agricultural productivity (Campbell,1976), such as Acetamiprid , Azadirachtin , Bifenthrin , Carbaryl for controlling insects but these benefits often go unnoticed by the general public. Pesticides are widely used in the agricultural production hence, increasing amounts of pesticides must be applied at rising costs to maintain sufficient control. This increasing has led to integrated pest management (IPM) programs which reduce pest numbers to an acceptable threshold (Jain and Bhargava, 2007). Push-pull strategies were conceived as a strategy for insect pest management (IPM) by Pyke et al. The push-pull technology is a strategy for controlling agricultural pests by using propulsive (push) while luring them toward an attractive source (pull) plants and trap them. This method can maximise the efficacy of behavior-manipulating stimuli through the additive and synergistic effects of integrating their use. Also can reduce pesticide input (Cook et al., 2006). The other method that can effect on pests is no-till. It seems pest under no-till method decreases dramatically because of increased numbers of predators. For example, it reduces springtails (Onychiurus spp.) that cause damage in shoot and root of the sugar beet (Soane et al., 2012).However, the preservation of crop residues in wet conditions tends to increase slug population, and this can lead to damage to young seedlings in winter-sown Wheat and barley (Jordan et al., 1997).Using molluscicides may control slug population, but it will still increase production costs and affect beneficial soil biota (abid.) Soil management Soil is the product of a complex set of interacting processes and cycles (Fitzpatrick, 1991) Plants need a network of pore spaces to assistance gas exchange such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. Also water movement and nutrient uptake. Over time if the soil environment under intensive agricultural production was disturbed, the ability of the soil to maintain these conditions is compromised (Gerrard, 2000). So Preservation and improvement of soil quality are important in agricultural productivity and environmental quality. Soil management practice which consideration all operations practices, and treatments used to protect the soil organic matter, soil structure, and the maintenance of a thriving soil microbial population. (Johnston and Fellow, 2005) In central Great Plains, soil erosion and drought are the main problems associated with grain production. No- till is a good system for reducing soil erosion and maximise soil water conservation. (Fenster and Peterson, 1979) In the UK using no-till after ploughing led to lower yields because of imperfect drainage and weak structure of soils during wet winter however all over the UK, good internal drainage was considered a pre-requisite for reliable success with no-till as discovered in the Germany (Ehlers and Claupein, 1994). No-till, can also increase biological activity such as earthworms and improve stable root channels this can develop greater water permeability (Soane et al., 2012). Under no-till, it seems, soil nutrients such as P and K increased dramatically near soil surface because of this microbiological activity. (Ehlers and Claupein, 1994). Also no-till it seems not suitable for sandy or drained soils. In Netherland, under the sandy soil, no-till decreased root penetration and yield such as root crop (Soane et al., 2012). Weeds Management Weeds have many attributes undesirable to crop producers and cause the adverse effect on their yield. There are limited reports on the inhibitory effects of weeds on crop plants (Bhowmik Doll, 1992).Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important cereal in the world. It has been estimated that globally yield reduction in wheat due to weeds is 13.1% (Oerke et al., 1994). Weeds compete with the crop plants for sunlight, water, mineral nutrients and occupying a space, which would reduce the plant growth and this led to reducing crop yields, quality and harvesting efficiency. (Wright et al., 2001) Water requirement for the growth of weeds is primarily of interest from the standpoint of competition with the crop plant for the available moisture (Gibson, 2000). Weeds provide a host for insects, nematodes and certain plant pathogens such as fungi. For instance Fusarium species pathogenic to winter wheat have been isolated from common broad-leaved weeds. (Jenkinson Parry, 1994). Weed management strategies attempt to eliminate or limit the deleterious effects of weeds when growing with crop plants and decrease weeds ability to reduce yield. (Hager et al., 2003) The basic of all Weed control methods is prevention. In few years the concept of prevention is not relevant anymore because of the availability of effective herbicides and mechanical control measures. These controlling tools have led to control weeds even after they have become established. (Walker 1995). Herbicides may influence disease development via direct effects on the pathogens (Rodriguez-Kabana et al. 1966) or by altering plant resistance to pathogens (Dann et al. 1999; Levene et al. 1998) for example Broad-leaved weeds in winter wheat can be controlled by herbicides applied before or after wheat emergence in autumn or in spring. In Table 2 we mentioned a few Common herbicides used to control weeds In recent years using Herbicides for controlling weed decreased because using herbicides may damage the crop. Also can get mixed with air, water and soil and kill other unwanted plant pests.So we must use other methods for controlling weeds without much dependence on chemicals like fertilisers and herbicides which have unpredictable harmful effects on the environment and human health. ( Varshney et al., 2012) Crop rotation is often identified as a valuable component of weed management for example Downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) density remained relatively constant when winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was rotated with oilseed rape (Blackshaw 1994a). (Abid.) A cover crop is another method for managing weeds. They contribute organic matter to the soil, improve soil structure, and they can suppress weeds. Cover crops could permit reduction of herbicide inputs and a shift toward entire post-emergence herbicide programs for many crops. The early weed suppression provided by cover crop residue allow plants to become established before weed emergence. (Upadhyaya, and Blackshaw 2007) Table 2. Common herbicides used to control weeds. Herbicide Mode of action Weeds controlled Versatil Simazine Buster Terbuthylazine Absorbed by leaves, stems and roots. Absorbed only through roots of germinating plants Systemic contact herbicide (via the leaf) Absorbed through roots and leaves Controls thistles, yarrow, clovers and many difficult flat weeds Prevents the emergence of a wide range of grasses and weeds. Broadleaved weeds and clovers. Provides short-term weed control Controls a wide range of annual and perennial grasses and weeds Disease management Wheat, its an important food resource which approximately contains 40% of the worlds population (Bockus, et al., 2010) annually global yield losses because of wheat diseases are estimated to be 20% in the field or the storage. (Abid.) The disease can terminate entire trees in orchards or plantations Such as Phytophthora root or collar rot, and some can destroy before or after harvested product. For instance, the smuts, which destroy before or after the harvesting the cereal grains (all postharvest rots of fruits and vegetables) (James, 1974) Each year in the UK the percentage of yield decreases because of disease diverse. The highest yield loss was between 1991, 1993 and 1998, and lowest was in 1995.Eyespot compared to other diseases caused greater yield losses. The second most significant disease was Powdery mildew in seven of the ten years but in 1990 demonstrate the greater losses than any other illness. The national economic impact of these yield losses varied depending on annual production figures and the price per tonne. (Hardwick et al., 2001) Each of these can infect wheat and cause disease throughout the growing season. It is important to deliver consistently, high yields of high-quality grain thus controlling of cereal diseases is an important component of successful crop management. Recognition of the disease and an understanding of the pathogens purpose are the first step for a successful disease control. Therefore disease management is necessary. Many strategies, tactics and techniques in disease management used in advanced (prevention) which applied before infection for protecting plant from disease and after infection controlled by heat or chemical treatment as bulbs, corms and fungicide (OC Maloy ,2005) Plant disease management is a factor that has positive and negative externalities on the yield. The adverse effect includes environmental pollution; toxin remains in the soil, ecological damage, resource depletion, reduced disease management efficiency and costs associated with meeting minimum chemical residues on crop harvest. And positive effects can benefits to disease management in neighbouring farms, can reduce evolutionary potential of pathogens, and ensure social stability and safety (HE et al., 2016) Farmers only pay the direct costs associated with plant disease management; they strongly select strategies that generate the best immediate economic returns while largely discounting potential negative impacts on the environment. To date, some highly effective disease management strategies have been used without sufficient regard to their long-term ecological effects such as Fungicide. Fungicide was used on more than 93% of crops throughout the word for about ten years. In 1996 and 1998, fungicide usage reached 98%.it seems farmers do not value disease resistance but apply fungicides widely. Disease-induced losses are still substantial, despite the heavy reliance on fungicides (Stevens et al., 1997). During the 10-year using Fungicide has increased but so have septoria leaf blotch and eyespot. It has been suggested that national disease levels and yield losses were influenced more by season than fungicide usage. (Hardwick et al. 2000). Priestley Bayles (1980)found, from a postal survey of NIAB Fellows, that disease was seen more frequently in fungicide-treated (such as benomyl, carbendazim) than in untreated fields. Cook King (1984) indicated that final disease levels were often similar in treated and untreated crops. For improving yield, it would be better for plant disease management to focus on increasing crop productivity, using fewer fungicides, reducing food contamination by microbial toxins, Change the philosophy of plant disease management to focus on pathogens (or insect vectors) to managing host plants for achieving high productivity yield and Considerations in agricultural productivity and crop health. (Problems, challenges and future of plant disease management: from an ecological point of view) It is preferred that Plant disease management not only considers about biodegradable principles to reduce disease epidemics over plants practices it may also discuss how the strategies may impact on agricultural and ecological sustainability (HE et al., 2016). References Battese, G. E. and Fuller, W. A. 1972. Determination of economic optima from crop-rotation experiments. Biometrics, pp. 781-792. Bhowmik, P. and Doll, J. 1982. Corn and soybean response to allelopathic effects of weed and crop residues. Agronomy Journal, 74 (4), pp. 601-606. Bockus, W. W., Bowden, R., Hunger, R., Murray, T. and Smiley, R. 2010. Compendium of wheat diseases and pests. American Phytopathological Society (APS Press). Bouis, H. E. 2002. Plant breeding: A new tool for fighting micronutrient malnutrition. The Journal of Nutrition, 132 (3), pp. 491S-494S. Cakmak, I., Ozkan, H., Braun, H., Welch, R. and Romheld, V. 2000. Zinc and iron concentrations in seeds of wild, primitive, and modern wheats. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 21 (4), pp. 401-403. Cakmak, I., Tolay, I., Ozdemir, A., Ozkan, H., Ozturk, L. and Kling, C. 1999. Differences in zinc efficiency among and within diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. Annals of Botany, 84 (2), pp. 163-171. Çakmak, Ä °., Torun, A., Millet, E., Feldman, M., Fahima, T., Korol, A., Nevo, E., Braun, H. and ÃÆ'-zkan, H. 2004. Triticum dicoccoides: An important genetic resource for increasing zinc and iron concentration in modern cultivated wheat. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 50 (7), pp. 1047-1054. Campbell, H. F. 1976. Estimating the marginal productivity of agricultural pesticides: The case of Treeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Fruit farms in the okanagan valley. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue Canadienne dAgroeconomie, 24 (2), pp. 23-30. Carter, A., Jordan, V. and Stride, C. 2003. A guide to managing crop establishment. Soil Management Initiative, Chester, Cook, R., King, J. and Jellis, G. 1984. Loss caused by cereal diseases and the economics of fungicidal control. Plant diseases: Infection, damage and loss. Cook, S. M., Khan, Z. R. and Pickett, J. A. 2006. The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management. Annual Review of Entomology, 52 (1), pp. 375. Damalas, C. A. and Eleftherohorinos, I. G. 2011. Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8 (5), pp. 1402-1419. Davies, D. B. and Finney, J. B. 2002. Reduced cultivations for cereals: Research, development and advisory needs under changing economic circumstances. Home Grown Cereals Authority. Davis, D. R., Epp, M. D. and Riordan, H. D. 2004. Changes in USDA food composition data for 43 garden crops, 1950 to 1999. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 23 (6), pp. 669-682. Ehlers, W., Claupein, W. and Carter, M. 1994. Approaches toward conservation tillage in germany. Conservation Tillage in Temperate Agroecosystems. pp. 141-165. Fallah, S. and Rasouliazar, S. 2016. Prioritizing the factors affecting the wheat losses from the perspective of wheat farmers of mahabad city. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences: Proceedings, 4 (1 (s)), pp. pp. 1638-1650. Fan, M., Zhao, F., Fairweather-Tait, S. J., Poulton, P. R., Dunham, S. J. and McGrath, S. P. 2008. Evidence of decreasing mineral density in wheat grain over the last 160 years. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 22 (4), pp. 315-324. Fenster, C. and Peterson, G. 1979. Effects of no-tillage fallow as compared to conventional tillage in a wheat-fallow system. Research Bulletin-Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Nebraska.Nebraska.Agricultural Experiment Station (USA), Fischer, R. and Edmeades, G. O. 2010. Breeding and cereal yield progress. Crop Science, 50 (Supplement_1), pp. S-85-S-98. FitzPatrick, E. A. 1978. An introduction to soil science. Soil Science, 125 (4), pp. 271. Flintham, J., Bà ¶rner, A., Worland, A. and Gale, M. 1997. Optimizing wheat grain yield: Effects of rht (gibberellin-insensitive) dwarfing genes. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 128 (01), pp. 11-25. Fry, W. E. 2012. Principles of plant disease management. Academic Press. Gajri, P., Arora, V. K. and Prihar, S. S. 2002. Tillage for sustainable cropping. Food Products Press. Gerrard, J. 2000. Fundamentals of soils routledge. Ghaffar, A., Ehsanullah, N. A. and Khan, S. H. 2011. Influence of zinc and iron on yield and quality of sugarcane planted under various trench spacings. Pak.J.Agri.Sci, 48 (1), pp. 25-33. Gibson, L. 2000. Plant competition. Agronomy Department, Iowa State University, Graham, R., Senadhira, D., Beebe, S., Iglesias, C. and Monasterio, I. 1999. Breeding for micronutrient density in edible portions of staple food crops: Conventional approaches. Field Crops Research, 60 (1), pp. 57-80. Hager, A. G., Wax, L. M., Bollero, G. A. and Stoller, E. W. 2003. Influence of diphenylether herbicide application rate and timing on common waterhemp (amaranthus rudis) control in soybean (glycine max) 1. Weed Technology, 17 (1), pp. 14-20. Hardwick, N., Jones, D. and Slough, J. 2001. Factors affecting diseases of winter wheat in england and wales, 1989-98. Plant Pathology, 50 (4), pp. 453-462. Hardwick, N., Slough, J. and Jones, D. 2000. The BCPC conference: Pests and diseases, volume 2. Proceedings of an international conference held at the brighton hilton metropole hotel, brighton, UK, 13-16 november 2000.British Crop Protection Council. Hawkesford, M. J., Araus, J., Park, R., Calderini, D., Miralles, D., Shen, T., Zhang, J. and Parry, M. A. 2013. Prospects of doubling global wheat yields. Food and Energy Security, 2 (1), pp. 34-48. HE, D., ZHAN, J. and XIE, L. 2016. Problems, challenges and future of plant disease management: From an ecological point of view. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 15 (4), pp. 705-715. Huber, D., Watson, R. and Steiner, G. 1965. Crop residues, nitrogen, and plant disease. Soil Science, 100 (5), pp. 302-308. Jain, P. and Bhargava, M. 2007. Entomology: Novel approaches. New India Publishing. James, W. C. 1974. Assessment of plant diseases and losses. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 12 (1), pp. 27-48. Jenkinson, n. P. and Parry, D. 1994. Isolation of fusarium species from common broad-leaved weeds and their pathogenicity to winter wheat. Mycological Research, 98 (7), pp. 776-780. Johnston, J. and Fellow, L. T. S. 2005. Assessing soil fertility: The importance of soil analysis and its interpretation. Potash Development Association. Jordan, V., Hutcheon, J. and Kendall, D. 1997. Influence of cultivation practices on arable crop pests, diseases and weeds and their control requirements. Experience with the Applicability of Notillage Crop Production in the West-European Countries, pp. 43-50. Maloy, O. 2005. Plant Disease Management.the Plant Health Instructor DOI: 10.1094, Monasterio, I. and Graham, R. D. 2000. Breeding for trace minerals in wheat. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 21 (4), pp. 392-396. Morris, N., Miller, P., Orson, J. and Froud-Williams, R. 2010. The adoption of non-inversion tillage systems in the United Kingdom and the agronomic impact on soil, crops and the environment-A review. Soil and Tillage Research, 108 (1), pp. 1-15. Murphy, W. S., Brodie, B. B. and Good, J. M. 1974. Population dynamics of plant nematodes in cultivated soil: Effects of combinations of cropping systems and nematicides. Journal of Nematology, 6 (3), pp. 103-107. Nicholls, C. J. 2013. Research review no. 77. Implications of the Restriction on the Neonicotinoids: Imidacloprid, Clothianidin and Thiamethoxam on Crop Protection in Oilseeds and Cereals in the UK.HGCA, Nicholls, C. J. 2013. Research review no. 77. Implications of the Restriction on the Neonicotinoids: Imidacloprid, Clothianidin and Thiamethoxam on Crop Protection in Oilseeds and Cereals in the UK.HGCA, Oerke, E. 2006. Crop losses to pests. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 144 (01), pp. 31-43. Oerke, E. and Dehne, H. 2004. Safeguarding production-losses in major crops and the role of crop protection. Crop