Legitimacy Crisis Essay Example for Free

Authenticity Crisis Essay I realize that counterfeiting isn't right. Written falsification is to utilize another’s work and imagine that it is one’s own. 2. I have utilized the â€Å"Harvard† show for reference and referencing. Every commitment to, and citation in, this article/report/venture from the work(s) of others has been credited, and has been refered to and referenced. 3. This paper/report/venture is my own work. 4. I have not permitted, and won't permit, anybody to duplicate my work with the aim of making it look like their own work. Mark: Jvanrooyn Word Count: 308 barring in-text references Jihad Van Rooyen. Prologue to Politics, Tutorial Group #11 12 March 2014 Assignment #3 Legitimacy Crisis Revolutions bring about a pervasive change in the public eye. This article finds out topics tossing authenticity into emergency through an assessment of the wellsprings of the French, Russian and Iranian insurgencies. As specified by Max Weber in his authenticity emergency goals, society works on an ethical connection between the ruler and the controlled (Hague, Harrop Breslin, 1992:19). Renunciation by the governed would bring about a system losing its authenticity and clear route for a political separate. This is underscored by John Locke in the Social Contract, where he esteemed that society has no ethical commitment to the system when the agreement is penetrated (Spragens, 1997:34). Along these lines, authenticity ensures political solidness and must be lost before any transformation can unfold. The French Revolution depended on the protected and money related emergencies, which lead to shakiness. Subsequently through the disappointment of the system to fulfill needs, authenticity was lost and a common insurgency followed (Hague, Harrop Breslin, 1992:72). Relative hardship was a prompt by-factor, obviously clear through the rebellions against the auxiliary conditions, which eventually nullified total government in France (Hague, Harrop Breslin, 1992:74). Correspondingly to the French insurgency, the Russian toppling of the old political framework demonstrated simpler than uniting power (Hague, Harrop Breslin, 1992:79), particularly after the two unrests were impacted by the regime’s spending on fighting. The two insurgencies included workers uprising, attributable to yearning, neediness and social imbalance. The Tsar couldn't satisfy the needs of the residents and in this manner lost validity. Conversely, Iran’s old system had not been attacked by fighting nor had it endured financial disappointment, before its insurgency (Hague, Harrop Breslin, 1992:79). The transformation was a strict issue against the system. Like the past two transformations, desires among the individuals were not met by the system. All in all, when a system doesn’t satisfy its ethical commitment to the individuals or in the event that they don't meet the desire for the residents, relative hardship could happen which could at last outcome in wrongness and a transformation.

An Overview Of Critical Legal Studies

An Overview Of Critical Legal Studies The given citation being referred to is by Robert Gordon, in Law Ideology as included in Lloyds Introduction to Jurisprudence by MDA Freeman where he has addressed basic legitimate examinations. For our motivations, my answer will give a short clarification of what the basic lawful investigations is about, at that point it will highlight how law keeps up disparity as indicated by basic legitimate researchers, and what methods are embraced in light of the imbalances lastly how viable these strategies are. Basic lawful examinations (hereinafter alluded to as the CLS) became out of a disappointment with current legitimate scholarship. [2] As Raymond Wacksâ [3]â put it the most significant element of CLS is its dismissal of what is taken to be the regular request of things, be without it showcase or meta-stories, or the origination of race. Law dependent on reason is the thing that pull in the researchers of CLS the most. For the researchers of CLS it is to question the possibility of revealing a general establishment of law dependent on reason. The legend of determinacy is a noteworthy component of the basic attack on law. [4] To the researchers of CLS, law is a long way from being a determinate, lucid assortment of rules and convention, the law is depicted as questionable, equivocal and unstable.â [5]â On the off chance that American legitimate authenticity was jazz statute, Critical Legal Studies might be its stone successor. [6] Ronald Dworkin found the CLS looking like the more established development of American authenticity, and for him it was too soon to choose whether the CLS is in excess of a chronologically erroneous endeavor to make the then dated development reflower. [7] Professor Hilaire McCourbey and Dr. Nigel D. Whiteâ [8]â finds a definitive objective for researchers of CLS is to decimate the idea that there is one single truth, and that by unveiling the all-unavoidable force structures and progressions in the law and lawful framework, a large number of different prospects will be uncovered which are altogether similarly substantial. LAW, ITS INEQUALITY AND OTHER ISSUES SURROUNDING LAW The researchers of CLS think that its upsetting how the law keep up imbalances in the public eye. As per the researchers of CLS, legitimate tenet is constrained and blemished. Lawful precepts can just offer a thin perspective on the world. Robert Gordon finds the lawful regulation to contain conceptual and devastated classes. These rough, counterfeit classifications e.g., found in criminal law, laws of agreement and family, which will outlined underneath, depend on complex human connections in spite of the fact that they not the slightest bit reflect or normally speak to with what is happening. With respect to criminal law, M Kelmenâ [9]â uses the case of a spouse who, having been battered by her significant other, slaughters the husband. At that point she argues the safeguard of incitement. Question emerges whether the appointed authority is to embrace a limited time frameâ [10]â or that of an expansive oneâ [11]â . Nobody can say it without a doubt which law is to be applied here beyond a shadow of a doubt. There might be condition where the supposed guilty party is considered in a thin time span premise and another in an expansive one. This line of approach is making people fall into the logical inconsistency in law looked in criminal law. The law of agreement where the rule cherished in the proverb proviso emptor a saying contrived to secure industrialist enthusiasm against the interests of the frail purchaser remains contrary to the rule that it is the capacity of the state to mediate to ensure the more fragile gathering against misuse is an away from of disparity in law. [12] This sort of inconsistency in law has consistently placed the adjudicators in disarray with regards to which rule an appointed authority needs to follow in a given case. It is contended by the researchers of CLS that law is on a very basic level political. For D. Kennedyâ [13]â there is no line among private and open law. It is a myth. [14] There is not all that much or impartial about agreement law as much as authoritative law, property law as much as ecological law.â [15]â The law of co-residence opens scope of choices to an appointed authority which makes it scarcely conceivable to go to a choice which at last causes clashing results from the courtrooms. Where a lady who looks to authorize a co-home understanding against a male accomplice the inquiry that precedes the court is to pick between (1) precedent-based law rule that such understandings are not lawfully enforceable in light of the assumption that such understandings come up short on the vital component of an expectation to make lawful relations and (2) the rule, emerging from open strategy that it is the obligation of the courts to offer impact to the goal of the gatherings. This has consistently placed appointed authorities in a troublesome situation as said before. For Peter Gabel,â [16]â one is never, or never, an individual; rather, one is progressively a spouse, a transport traveler, a little agent, a customer, etc, in contemporary industrialist society. To Mark Kelman,â [17]â liberalism according to Crits is an arrangement of believed that is at the same time plagued by inside inconsistency and by efficient restraint of the nearness of these logical inconsistencies. Progressivism centers upon independence and personal circumstance at the expense of others. The researchers of CLS are against such thought. Such inclination is revealed in the laws creation and support of division between general society and private issues. Plants freedom is the ideal model. Plants freedom is the rule that an individual can be constrained where his activities hurt others, however should be free where his activities influence himself. The courts consistently think that its hard to forestall mistreatment in the private domain as a result of the legitimate div ision between open issues, in which the state or its laws can intercede, and private issues, in which they can't. The Crits of CLS named this division as bogus and a negligible hallucination. Robert Gordon obviously makes reference to that for the Crits, law is characteristically neither a decision class approach nor a storehouse of honorable with debased standards. To Gordon, it is a plastic mode of talk that inconspicuously conditions how we experience social life.â [18]â Robert Gordon alludes to some essential focuses that the Critics need to make about lawful talk. He alludes to talks of intensity. Law can't be a toy for the incredible to play with. In any case, in actuality to benefit lawful administrations or matters related to it one must have the option to use legitimate talks with office and authority or to pay others, for example, legal advisors, administrators, lobbyists, and so on., to use them for your sake is the thing that issues and that is what is takes to forces power in the public eye. Therefore legitimate talks will in general mirror the interests and the points of view of the influential individuals who utilize them. [19] This might be viewed as another case of how law keeps up disparity according to the researchers of CLS. In any case, regardless of whether really being utilized by the ground-breaking or the frail, lawful talks are immersed with other non-lawful talks that generally excuse and legitimize in unobtrusive manners the current social request as normal fundamental and just.â [20]â It is a typical marvel to make laws to prod financial rivalries and along these lines helping the exclusive class as they continued looking for influence and riches. Duncan Kennedyâ [21]â mentions that the essential focuses in Legal Education are the unfortunate progressive systems at different levels like those current among speakers and the understudies they instruct; those between the employees and the authoritative help and he terms them all as bogus and superfluous pecking order which gets into the psyche of law understudies and therefore makes a constant chain of orders. Procedures APPLIED TO LEGAL DISCOURSES Destroying or Debunking As McCourbey and White put it destroying is basically planned for uncovering the ill-conceived chains of command that exist inside the law and society in general. [22] The researchers of CLS are basically occupied with uncovering those pecking orders and subvert them. In Marxism the progressive system of intensity exist as far as classes however he we have seen the chain of importance to exist even in colleges where there is a force connection among instructor and student. [23] It is substantially more intricate than the marxists view. [24] Trashing includes looking to address and challenge the standard liberal lawful system. Imprint Kelmans doubt towards standard or universal perspectives on law prompted protect destroying against standard scholastic pundits and expressed that the defaming of acknowledged lawful contention is acceptable. The accompanying concentrate from Kelman clarifies the reason for destroying or debunking:â [25]â We are additionally occupied with a functioning, transformative anarcho-syndicalist political task At the working environment level, exposing is one piece of an express exertion to level, to reintegrate the networks we live in along unequivocally populist lines instead of along the supported progressive lines that as of now incorporate them. We are stating: Heres what your educator did (at you, to you) in agreements or torts. Heres what it was extremely about. Deprived of the jibber jabber, heres a lot of issues we as a whole face, as equivalents in managing work, with legislative issues, and with the world.â [26]â The above citation uncovers the pressure of uncovering pecking orders at work place, explicitly it proceeds to make reference to inside the graduate school and explicitly between the educators and understudies as talked about before. Kelman further notices that one primary goal of destroying is to de-balancing out perspective on the hypothetical world that is caught in liberal legalism. Destroying encourages us to see the basic complacencies and expected premises in liberal legalism as defective and contradicts the conviction that the world is running easily. Robert Gordon, in his Law Ideology, expresses that destroying methods are utilized at times basically to assault the talks on their own terms to demonstrate their premises to be conflicting or ambiguous and their decisions to be subjective or bas

Training during Pregnancy

Training during Pregnancy Exercise and Training during Pregnancy Home›Research Posts›Exercise and Training during Pregnancy Research PostsIntroductionHistorically, there were various socio-cultural reasons to encourage reduction of exercise for pregnant women. Such cultural reasons seek to reduce physical activity and working by pregnant women. There were believes that such the involvement of women in exercises and work could result into early pregnancy loss, or reduced placental circulation. Women were thus advised to reduce their involvement in activities such as jogging or cycling and to limit their heart rate.However, much change has been witnessed both in the attitude and guidelines on exercise during pregnancy. While the knowledge on exercise physiology is still incomplete, much research has been done on the benefits and risks of exercising during pregnancy. As a result this has come with much specific guidelines on which its success lies. Currently, most authors have thus agreed that the need for exercise by pregnant women can never be neglected.Barakat, R., Starling, R., Lucia, A. (2008). Does exercise training during pregnancy affect gestation age? A randomized controlled trial. An international peer reviewed journal of sports and exercise medicine. Vol. 42, 8, p 674-678.In their study, the scholars noted the controversy that exists over the association between the physical exercise and safety in pregnancy. Their study was aimed at determining the possible cause-effect relationship between regular exercise during the second and third trimester of pregnancy by previously sedentary, healthy gestation age at the moment of delivery (Barakat et al 2008 p. 674).In their methodology, they used the women with singleton gestation for both the research and control experiment. They found out that there were no significant differences between the two categories to have a potential influence on the gestation period (Barakat et al 2008, p. 675). Women were separated using such factors as age, number of hours they could stand standing. They concluded that, previously sedentary healthy woman with single gestation could safely engage in moderate, supervised exercise programs until the end of gestation because it has no effect on the gestation age (Barakat et al 2008, p. 378).Hugo discusses both the benefits of body sculpting training during pregnancy and rules of safety. His work was based on the findings of the past researches that suggest that there is much benefits both to the mother and the and to the future of the new born (Rivera Hugo, 2011, P. 1). He is therefore for the opinion that the adjustment of exercise during pregnancy is vital. However, he warns that the major goal of such exercise should be to maintain ones initial level of fitness and not to improve (Rivera Hugo, 2011, P. 1).He identified several advantages of exercise during pregnancy. These include fastening of the process of recovery after delivery, increase in the sense of well being and self e steem both during and after pregnancy (Rivera Hugo, 2011, P. 1). Exercise also increases the size of the placenta which results into an increase nutrient base for the baby. It also decreases the risk of excessive gaining of weight by reducing the amount of fat storage. Exercise reduces the chances of the occurrence of the lower back pain and boosts the mother’s energy level. Exercise also prepares the body for labor and delivery processes (Rivera Hugo, 2011, P. 1).Hugo noted that the amount of exercise that a specific mother involves herself in should be directly related to how active the mother was before pregnancy (Rivera Hugo, 2011, P. 2). A mother who was never used to exercising should therefore not involve herself intense physical activities such as weight training programs. According to him this may cause stress which would be very dangerous to the mother and the body (Rivera Hugo, 2011, P. 1).He therefore recommended that one who is exercising for the first time should onl y spend duration of between 20 and 30 minutes. She should begin with simple activities such as walking at her normal pace. Walking provides one of the normal and safest forms of exercise and will help the mother not to loose her body balance (Rivera Hugo, 2011, P. 1). This prevents the mother from falling which can be fatal for both the mother and the baby. A beginner should thus avoid vigorous activities such as a dance and kickboxing. According to him, the mothers heart beat rate should not exceed 140 beats per unit during pregnancy. The mother should therefore walk at the normal pace (Rivera Hugo, 2011, P. 1).Hugo also noted that the body temperature of the mother should never exceed 38 degrees Celsius. To ensure such a low temperature, one can besides walking at a normal pace ensure that he chose a place that is neither hot nor humid(Rivera Hugo, 2011, P. 2). One can therefore walk in the morning hours or late in the afternoon. The clothing should also be carefully chosen to avo id warm clothing. It is also advisable to use the non motorized model where the mother is the one to set the pace.Paiger in his contribution noted that exercise is necessary to boost the mother’s mood and give more energy to her while giving the baby a healthy life. He stressed the need for the consultation of a doctor to clear her for any kind of exercise (Waehner Paige, 2010, p. 1). He noted that each woman’s situation should be treated as unique. According to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists the beginners should take 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week. According to him, women would also have an upper hand if they choose activities that they enjoy (Waehner Paige. 2010, p. 1).He added to Hugo’s option of walking, other activities such as swimming, cycling and aerobics as necessary during pregnancy. Swimming enables the mother to get a total body workout while being supported by the water. Cycling while ensuring she maintains the bala nce. One can use a stationery bike or recumbent bike. Aerobics can be in the form of water aerobics or low-impact cardio classes (Waehner Paige. 2010, p. 1). He also advices that in whatever activity one chooses, it is important for them to first warm up with an easy pace for at least 5 minutes then work at a moderate pace for a few convenient minutes. The time can then gradually be increased. He noted that a break from exercise is necessary whenever a pregnant mother experiences sickness, exhaustion or achy (Waehner Paige. 2010, p. 1). During such moments the mother should resort to what feels right for her body.Contributing on strength training, he stressed that a lighter weight is necessary. According to him, mothers should also carefully monitor their form to adapt to the changes in their centre of gravity. He also recommended that during the second trimester the mother should avoid supine positions like bench presses or crunches. She should instead employ more use of easily con trolled machine (Waehner Paige. 2010, p. 1).She wrote about Prenatal Health Safety. She noted the need for women to consult with the doctor before beginning any exercise and incases of signs of any health complication. Such condition include respiratory condition, diabetes, hypertension, history of premature labor and incase the mother has any physical impairment (Eden Elizabeth, 2006, p. 1).She discussed appropriate clothing for pregnant women. She recommended loose-fittings during the excise. The materials chosen should be able to keep away moisture to enable the mother to remain dry and cool (Eden Elizabeth, 2006, p. 1). Mothers should also wear a good support bra which maximizes comfort and minimizes bouncing during the exercise. A part from bra, pregnant women should wear appropriate shoes. The shoes should be able to provide the mother with the necessary arch supports, heel cushioning and appropriate lateral support (Eden Elizabeth, 2006, p. 1).Eden also gave contribution on h ow to make exercise safe and effective for the mother. She noted that each woman should strive to know when they are either under-working or over- working their heart (Eden Elizabeth, 2006, p. 1). According to her, all these situations should be avoided. Under working of the heart denies a woman an ability to build endurance while overworking it may lead to dizziness, nausea or even fainting (Eden Elizabeth, 2006, p. 1). Commenting on the nutrition requirements, Eden advised that during pregnancy there diet should be rich in carbohydrates. The mother should also take much fluid before during and after the exercise (Eden Elizabeth, 2006, p. 1).Directions for future researchBarakat and her colleagues revealed the controversy that has arisen on the amount of physical exercise that is necessary during the second trimester of the pregnancy. Some scholars are opposed to activities that require prolonged standing and carrying of heavy loads. They say that such activities might result in to preterm delivery or low birth weight. They in turn propose more sedentary activities like office staff (Barakat et al, 2008 p. 674). Most scholars are still of the opinion that the physical activity during pregnancy is beneficial to both the mother and the fetus to prevent maternal disorders such as hypertension.They however note that the effect of physical exercise during the entire period of pregnancy and its outcome is a long and complicated issue which still requires more research. Lucia remarked that studies on large population samples have failed to show any link between physical activity during pregnancy and the pregnancy outcome. This was especially after her study of the possibility of a linkage between gestation ages, risk of preterm delivery, intrauterine growth (Barakat et al, 2008 p. 674).Another issue for more research is whether there should really be standard recommended exercise duration during pregnancy. Some scholars have argued that the duration of the exercise session should be determined by the daily feeling by each mother (Sorace Paul, 2020). The proponents of this argument have noted that during the first trimester fatigue is very common with the beginning of the formation of the baby’s form. They recommended a reduction in exercise activities at this stage of pregnancy. With the energy levels said to be different with each trimester, more research needs to be done on the recommended level of exercise at each stage (Sorace Paul, 2020).Practical implications of the researchPractically, every mother has a role to understand the need to exercise in order to maintain both her health and fitness. The mother’s actions during pregnancy can therefore result into much benefits or bring her complications. The first issue that calls for action is that of weight before, during and after pregnancy. Excess weight gain and failure to loose it six months postpartum are indicators of long term obesity. This may result from lack of enough exercise d uring the pregnancy period (Sorace Paul, 2020, p.1).The second issue concerns the risks that accompany exercise. This requires that a woman seeks an approval from a physician before starting an exercise program (Sorace Paul, 2020, p. 1). The risks that require the intervention of the physician include; low blood pressure (hypoglycemia), fatigue, and muscoskeletal injuries. Other forms of risk may be hyperthermia and decrease in flow of blood into the uterus which put the baby at risk. Any of this signs therefore requires the mother to stop exercising and follow the recommended guidelines for exercise mode, frequency, intensity and duration (Sorace Paul, 2020, p. 1).Other exercise warning signs during pregnancy include; vaginal bleeding, dizziness, headache, chest pain, muscle weakness, swellings, preterm labor, decreased fetal movement. Others are shortness of breath prior to the exercise and the leakage of the amniotic fluid. Women who have cardiac disease or a restrictive lung dis ease may also not be able to exercise (Sorace Paul, 2020, p.1).The popular exercise modes for pregnant women are walking, stationery cycling and swimming. Women should also use up to moderate weights. This should be done repeatedly to help maintain their muscle function. Women who were not initially participated in resistance training should also weight until postpartum to begin (Sorace Paul, 2020, p. 1). They should not be engaged in activities such as basketball and racquet sports. Such activities may cause excess strain the muscles and increase the risk to the baby. Therefore all such high impact activities should be avoided noting that the ligaments and joints become more lax and mobile during pregnancy (Sorace Paul, 2020, p. 1).During the second trimester, any back leaning should be avoided. At this stage the baby increase in weight faster and subsequently causing the increase in the mother’s weight. The third trimester is accompanied by alterations in the mother’s centre o f gravity and balance which requires that she limits her involvement in aerobic exercise. The recommended activities during this trimester are walking and swimming (Sorace Paul, 2020, p. 1). The mothers should also be weary of their exercise intensity. It increases blood flow to the muscles which could in turn decrease the blood flow the baby. This results into less oxygen available to the baby.Another area of the practical implication of this research is in the nutrition requirements. Sorace has noted that each mother exercising during pregnancy should take an additional of at least 300 calories per day (Sorace Paul, 2020, p. 1). This will ensure the mother has an additional energy required and the normal growth of the body. The food should be rich in carbohydrates and accompanied with much fluids before during and after the exercise.ConclusionFrom this study, excise is widely recommended amongst the doctors and the scholars. There are many benefits which come with excise during pr egnancy. Even previously inactive women can safely engage in exercise program after being cleared by a doctor. However, the women must learn to follow the recommended guidelines to ensure the effectiveness of the exercise in maintaining health and fitness while minimizing exercise risks.The level of exercise requirement differs with each trimester of pregnancy. The first stage when the child acquires the form is accompanied by fatigue and requires that one reduce the level of involvement in exercising. This differs with other trimesters. The success of exercise therefore depends on the knowledge level of the mother and thus need for doctor consultation.

Physiological Processes And Treatment Of Plaque Psoriasis

Physiological Processes Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease that is not contagious but has no cure. Psoriasis often presents as patches of thick red skin and silvery scales called plaque psoriasis. This proliferation of skin cells often affect the face, trunk, and extremities and have a familial tendency. Sudden onset is often triggered by stress, trauma, medications, or infection and is an equal opportunistic disease that manifests on the skin and can begin in childhood or at any age (Arcangelo, 2013). Approximately five million adults suffer from this inflammatory disease and psoriasis can occur in all age groups (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases [NIH], 2013). The purpose of this paper is to explore the pathophysiological, maladaptive, and psychosocial effects of psoriasis; discuss and explore the pharmacological interventions for pediatric and geriatric patients, and synthesize the body’s response to treatments available. Pathophysiology of Psoriasis Psoriasis is an autoimmune disorder that develops when there is a maladaptation in the body’s defense system. This disease is driven by the immune system involving the Th lymphocyte cells. Under normal homeostasis, the regeneration of epidermis tissue renew under normal pathological conditions with the shedding of the outer layer of skin every 14-20 days. During flair-ups, lymphocytes infiltrate into the epidermalShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Psoriasis On The Development And Exacerbation Of Psoriasis997 Words   |  4 Pagesin Psoriasis, Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease with an approximate 2-3% prevalence in the general population. The etiology of psoriasis is not fully understood, but it appears to be multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental influences. Among these factors, emotional stress is considered to play an important role in the onset and exacerbation of psoriasis. Emotional stress may influence the development and exacerbation of psoriasis. The proportion of psoriasis patientsRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Psoriasis1474 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual at a rate higher than expected by chance (Bonavita and De Simone, 2008). Although psoriasis has been previously thought to be a disease solely affecting primarily the skin and the joints, our understanding of the comorbidities that may be associated with this disease has grown significantly. Recent evidence has even suggested an increased over all risk of mortality in patients with severe psoriasis (Gelfand JM et al., 2007). The presence of comorbidities in dermatology is of interest forRead MoreCase Study on Hypokalemia8797 Words   |  36 Pagesmorning stiffness. Skin manifestations are often experienced by patients with SLE such as subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (papulosquamous or annular polycyclic lesions), discoid lupus erythematosus (chronic rash with erythematous papules and or plaques that may cause changes in pigmentation and scarring. The most common skin manifestation is acute cutaneous lesion (butterfly rash) a butterfly shaped rash across the bridge of the nose and cheeks. Pericarditis is a common cardiovascular manifestation

The Belief Of The Doctrine Of Christianity - 1297 Words

As Christians it is important that we have a clear understanding of the doctrine of Christianity. Without knowing what we believe and why we believe it, how are we to share those beliefs effectively with a world that so badly needs to hear about it? My goal with this paper is to discuss two of the five main doctrines that were covered in this course as well as reflect on my own personal observations of the course matter. Revelation As human beings, we are on or own entirely incapable of knowing God. His ways and nature are beyond our minds comprehension. We come to know him through what he reveals of himself to us. There are several ways that He does this. 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The Definition of Institutionalize Racism Free Essays

string(64) " reelection of a black politician in a black majority district\." United States of America is not a country for one specific group of people such as French, China, or Angola. Instead, many of these people come to United States to live. Under one roof, all these different groups have to coexist for this country to function properly. We will write a custom essay sample on The Definition of Institutionalize Racism or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result of interaction between groups of different background, race, tension develops. Soon, it becomes a personal dislike from one member of one group for members of another group. While these feeling are unavoidable and sometimes understandable, it is unacceptable to institutionalize these feelings and make it an acceptable part of society. Yet, this has existed and prospered in the social fabric of America since the day of slavery. Black Americans, victims of this institution of racism, have tried to change the system through legal means, and protest. The government has responded through legislation such as Civil Right Act of 1965 and Affirmative Action. These policies have faced opposition from some white Americans, but Justice Blackmun said, â€Å"In order to beyond racism, we must take account of race. † The institution of racism has targeted minority Americans as its victim by denying them the opportunity that everyone else have such as making a living. Those policies address this problem by using race, rightfully, to identify who is the victim of racism, and discrimination. Racism has plagued the public education system long before Brown vs. Board of Education. Segregation has led to underfunded school that has no tools to teach children in black-dominated area. State and local government use property tax to determine the amount of fund a school gets. However, properties in black-dominated area are either run-down, or have low value. As a result, underfunded schools lead to underfunded education that gives black students no skill to make a living. Very few of them will be able to get out of the poverty cycle that has plagued their parents. After Brown vs. Board of Education, mandatory busing has tried to bring black students to white dominated neighborhood school, and also bring white students to urban school. This policy has given black students access to school that has better facilities and equipment. It has forced states and locals government to give more funds to urban school. Many white parents have refused to send their children to urban school for countless reason. They have a valid claim that busing violates their personal freedom. The court has to decide between two conflicting interests, whether to give equal access to one group at the expense of one individual’s personal freedom. After deciding in favor of equal opportunity, the court has tried to enforce the decision by mandatory busing, and it has even used the National Guard to escort black students to white school. However, it did not require states to change their school overnight. State and local government then began to have gradual mandatory busing. However, gradualism has watered down the effort of true integration. Juan Williams, Thurgood Marshall’s biographer, has said on C-span that Marshall has regretted for not having demanding more aggressively for rapid integration. Today, due to the court keep chipping away part and part of Brown vs. Board of education, school integration and busing remain far and few. State and local government have almost stopped funding for mandatory busing. As a result, public school has become as segregated as ever and the accomplishment of Brown vs. Board of Education has vanished. In its place are programs such as magnet, school choice, voluntary enrollment, or voucher. However, these programs fall far short the goal of equal access, and integration. Magnet, school choice, or voluntary busing promise to bring diversity to school. However, these programs only bring children from urban school into suburban school. White parents will not risk sending their children to urban school for reasonable fear of drugs, crime, or lack of educational equipment. Suburban schools will end up getting more money, and urban schools will keep losing money and students. Since these programs have a quota of how many student can enroll, the majority of students cannot enroll. These unfortunate ones will have to settle for a school that lacks money at their neighborhood. So, these programs only allow a selected few to have an opportunity that students in suburban schools have. Another program is voucher that promotes to give poor minority students a chance for quality education at a private school. However, voucher works much better for a middle class white family trying to get into an exclusive private school than a poor black family. The voucher system determines how much to give by looking at the property tax of a family. If a family is poor, the voucher for that family will not have much worth. Since poor family cannot put much more money into their voucher, voucher program eliminates poor minority families as its recipients, contrary to what it promotes. While voting is considered by many as a personal choice, special interest groups working to ensure representation for minorities have dominated the election process. Sometimes, this helps minorities but can also hurt them. The common method for ensuring minority representation is racial districting. White Americans had used racial districting method such as â€Å"cracking† or â€Å"stacking† to eliminate black votes at first (Swain 426). These methods give minorities no representation or hope of electing a candidate that is friendly toward minorities. Since court has ruled against â€Å"stacking† or â€Å"cracking†, racial districting has appeared of the form â€Å"packing† in recent years (Swain 426). Even though packing surely gives minorities representation, it has diminished the voting power of minorities. In 1991, 15 of the 27 seats held by black politicians have a black population of over 50 percents (Swain 423). This packing of black voters has led to poor turnout and poor performance. For example, one 13 percents of black in Major Owen’s district vote in 1986 (Swain 423). Poor performance also contributes to the problem due to an automatic reelection of a black politician in a black majority district. You read "The Definition of Institutionalize Racism" in category "Papers" So packing has its benefit in term of ensuring black representation but it also wastes the vote of black Americans. Major Owen surely would have won his district even if it were only 40 percents to 45 percents black. The remaining black voters should move to another district where they can vote for another candidate that will work for their interest. Ironically, the Republican Party appears to be benefited from packing. It has been very supportive of packing that involves large black district. Even if it ensures the election of a black Democrat, it allows the Republican to compete at the new district that has been drained of black Democrats (Swain 405). This makes the election more racially polarized. So the symbol of democracy, the Congress, will also be the most segregated as Republican tries to portray Democrat as a party of black’s interest. Swain names the two most promising alternative method for packing are black representation in majority white district and voting for white candidates that can represent the interest of blacks (Swain 431). There has been many doubts that black candidates cannot win in a majority white district. However the election of Governor Wilder, Mayor Bradley, has proved otherwise. Black politicians has proved that they can both represent racial interest and their white constituent such as Louis Stokes (Swain 430). Black voters must not forget there are white politicians that can be as good a black politician such as Gephardt, Kennedy. Minority voters can only benefit from these two methods. First, it allows black politicians to look beyond the House of Representative for a higher office such as the Senate or may be the presidency. Second, it fosters a coalition with other racial and ethnic group (Swain 433). This will expand the representation of Black Americans. These two methods go beyond blaming white people or society for racism by reaching out to white people to combat it. Black and minorities need the help of white politicians and activist who are in a position to make a difference. Only then, the goal of racial equality will be achieved. Racism has tried to exclude minorities from public school and voting. Now, it has turned to another target, the college system in America. Public colleges in America have always used Affirmative Action to determine admission. This program has given minorities an opportunity to seek higher education. It does not promote under-qualification but instead, it will level the playing field for people who are capable of taking the advantage of opportunities that has denied them because of their gender or ethnicity (Patterson 443). When Affirmative Action is examined alone in term of college admission, it has mixed success. For example, the number of Asian students at Berkeley is half of the student body, whereas blacks and Hispanics continue to stagger. This program has come under the attack of conservatives who label it as reverse discrimination. Justice Scalia call it as â€Å"racial preferences appear to even the score† (Siegel 458). Conservatives have completely overlooked the fact that being white is a privilege that other minorities do not have. White men control 99. percents of all the important top position in this country, so what they do from hiring employee, or drafting policy will tend to benefit white people. This is just a normal pattern of human behavior (Patterson 449). Affirmative Action’s goal is to correct this problem but it is on the verge of extinction because of proposition 209, or Hopwood vs. Texas. As a result, black admission drop from 65 to 11 in the year following the court case Hopwood vs. Texas. We have seen that effect spreads to UCSD where the number of black students can be measured by finger counting. Opponent of Affirmative Action in college admission has called for using a class-based initiative to determine college admission. They have claimed Affirmative Action not only hurts whites but also Asian Americans. A class based initiative can only help with diversity and does not have the reverse discrimination element that Affirmative Action appears to have. Nonetheless, research has shown Asian American enrollment will increase, white will stay the same, black and Hispanic will decrease if socioeconomic status is used to determine admission (Omi and Takagi 438). The result shows the University of California will be more racially polarized if this plan is implemented. It will generate hostility toward Asian Americans from whites and other minority groups because this plan clearly give Asian American an advantage, unlike Affirmative Action. For a plan that promise diversity, it will end up hurting the diversity makeup of University of California because it deletes race as a factor for consideration. Therefore, minority groups beside Asian American will be denied from an opportunity for higher education. To promote diversity and equal opportunity, race must be taken into consideration because it allows us to identify the victim of racism, who has been denied the opportunity he is entitled to. Without race, how do we know who or where is the victim? Justice Blackmun has said â€Å"to get beyond racism, we must take account of race†. This signifies a shift from protecting individual to protecting a certain group. As a result, race based policies such as Affirmative Action and school desegregation was created. They have helped protecting minority from racism and leveling the playing field. They have forced the public sector and private sector to give minorities equal opportunity because minorities do not have the privilege of being white. The white establishment, without government intervention will extend it hands only to those similar to its. Those policies remedy this preference. Critics of race based policies claim these policies practice reverse discrimination. They want a colorblind policy to be implement instead. However, colorblind policy assumes society to be free of racism and discrimination toward minorities. Statistics have shown otherwise from the low college enrollment of black to the lack of minority in the top position. Colorblind policy will give the control back to the white establishment. Then, discrimination, intentionally or unintentionally, will be directed toward minorities will be much more visible similar to the pre-Civil Right period. In this case, racism cannot be blamed because the people in the establishment are â€Å"colorblind†. It is ironic that a colorblind policy, the goal of the civil right movement, will end up nullifying the legacy of the civil right movement because colorblind is a policy ahead of its time. How to cite The Definition of Institutionalize Racism, Papers

The Definition of Institutionalize Racism Free Essays

string(64) " reelection of a black politician in a black majority district\." United States of America is not a country for one specific group of people such as French, China, or Angola. Instead, many of these people come to United States to live. Under one roof, all these different groups have to coexist for this country to function properly. We will write a custom essay sample on The Definition of Institutionalize Racism or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result of interaction between groups of different background, race, tension develops. Soon, it becomes a personal dislike from one member of one group for members of another group. While these feeling are unavoidable and sometimes understandable, it is unacceptable to institutionalize these feelings and make it an acceptable part of society. Yet, this has existed and prospered in the social fabric of America since the day of slavery. Black Americans, victims of this institution of racism, have tried to change the system through legal means, and protest. The government has responded through legislation such as Civil Right Act of 1965 and Affirmative Action. These policies have faced opposition from some white Americans, but Justice Blackmun said, â€Å"In order to beyond racism, we must take account of race. † The institution of racism has targeted minority Americans as its victim by denying them the opportunity that everyone else have such as making a living. Those policies address this problem by using race, rightfully, to identify who is the victim of racism, and discrimination. Racism has plagued the public education system long before Brown vs. Board of Education. Segregation has led to underfunded school that has no tools to teach children in black-dominated area. State and local government use property tax to determine the amount of fund a school gets. However, properties in black-dominated area are either run-down, or have low value. As a result, underfunded schools lead to underfunded education that gives black students no skill to make a living. Very few of them will be able to get out of the poverty cycle that has plagued their parents. After Brown vs. Board of Education, mandatory busing has tried to bring black students to white dominated neighborhood school, and also bring white students to urban school. This policy has given black students access to school that has better facilities and equipment. It has forced states and locals government to give more funds to urban school. Many white parents have refused to send their children to urban school for countless reason. They have a valid claim that busing violates their personal freedom. The court has to decide between two conflicting interests, whether to give equal access to one group at the expense of one individual’s personal freedom. After deciding in favor of equal opportunity, the court has tried to enforce the decision by mandatory busing, and it has even used the National Guard to escort black students to white school. However, it did not require states to change their school overnight. State and local government then began to have gradual mandatory busing. However, gradualism has watered down the effort of true integration. Juan Williams, Thurgood Marshall’s biographer, has said on C-span that Marshall has regretted for not having demanding more aggressively for rapid integration. Today, due to the court keep chipping away part and part of Brown vs. Board of education, school integration and busing remain far and few. State and local government have almost stopped funding for mandatory busing. As a result, public school has become as segregated as ever and the accomplishment of Brown vs. Board of Education has vanished. In its place are programs such as magnet, school choice, voluntary enrollment, or voucher. However, these programs fall far short the goal of equal access, and integration. Magnet, school choice, or voluntary busing promise to bring diversity to school. However, these programs only bring children from urban school into suburban school. White parents will not risk sending their children to urban school for reasonable fear of drugs, crime, or lack of educational equipment. Suburban schools will end up getting more money, and urban schools will keep losing money and students. Since these programs have a quota of how many student can enroll, the majority of students cannot enroll. These unfortunate ones will have to settle for a school that lacks money at their neighborhood. So, these programs only allow a selected few to have an opportunity that students in suburban schools have. Another program is voucher that promotes to give poor minority students a chance for quality education at a private school. However, voucher works much better for a middle class white family trying to get into an exclusive private school than a poor black family. The voucher system determines how much to give by looking at the property tax of a family. If a family is poor, the voucher for that family will not have much worth. Since poor family cannot put much more money into their voucher, voucher program eliminates poor minority families as its recipients, contrary to what it promotes. While voting is considered by many as a personal choice, special interest groups working to ensure representation for minorities have dominated the election process. Sometimes, this helps minorities but can also hurt them. The common method for ensuring minority representation is racial districting. White Americans had used racial districting method such as â€Å"cracking† or â€Å"stacking† to eliminate black votes at first (Swain 426). These methods give minorities no representation or hope of electing a candidate that is friendly toward minorities. Since court has ruled against â€Å"stacking† or â€Å"cracking†, racial districting has appeared of the form â€Å"packing† in recent years (Swain 426). Even though packing surely gives minorities representation, it has diminished the voting power of minorities. In 1991, 15 of the 27 seats held by black politicians have a black population of over 50 percents (Swain 423). This packing of black voters has led to poor turnout and poor performance. For example, one 13 percents of black in Major Owen’s district vote in 1986 (Swain 423). Poor performance also contributes to the problem due to an automatic reelection of a black politician in a black majority district. You read "The Definition of Institutionalize Racism" in category "Papers" So packing has its benefit in term of ensuring black representation but it also wastes the vote of black Americans. Major Owen surely would have won his district even if it were only 40 percents to 45 percents black. The remaining black voters should move to another district where they can vote for another candidate that will work for their interest. Ironically, the Republican Party appears to be benefited from packing. It has been very supportive of packing that involves large black district. Even if it ensures the election of a black Democrat, it allows the Republican to compete at the new district that has been drained of black Democrats (Swain 405). This makes the election more racially polarized. So the symbol of democracy, the Congress, will also be the most segregated as Republican tries to portray Democrat as a party of black’s interest. Swain names the two most promising alternative method for packing are black representation in majority white district and voting for white candidates that can represent the interest of blacks (Swain 431). There has been many doubts that black candidates cannot win in a majority white district. However the election of Governor Wilder, Mayor Bradley, has proved otherwise. Black politicians has proved that they can both represent racial interest and their white constituent such as Louis Stokes (Swain 430). Black voters must not forget there are white politicians that can be as good a black politician such as Gephardt, Kennedy. Minority voters can only benefit from these two methods. First, it allows black politicians to look beyond the House of Representative for a higher office such as the Senate or may be the presidency. Second, it fosters a coalition with other racial and ethnic group (Swain 433). This will expand the representation of Black Americans. These two methods go beyond blaming white people or society for racism by reaching out to white people to combat it. Black and minorities need the help of white politicians and activist who are in a position to make a difference. Only then, the goal of racial equality will be achieved. Racism has tried to exclude minorities from public school and voting. Now, it has turned to another target, the college system in America. Public colleges in America have always used Affirmative Action to determine admission. This program has given minorities an opportunity to seek higher education. It does not promote under-qualification but instead, it will level the playing field for people who are capable of taking the advantage of opportunities that has denied them because of their gender or ethnicity (Patterson 443). When Affirmative Action is examined alone in term of college admission, it has mixed success. For example, the number of Asian students at Berkeley is half of the student body, whereas blacks and Hispanics continue to stagger. This program has come under the attack of conservatives who label it as reverse discrimination. Justice Scalia call it as â€Å"racial preferences appear to even the score† (Siegel 458). Conservatives have completely overlooked the fact that being white is a privilege that other minorities do not have. White men control 99. percents of all the important top position in this country, so what they do from hiring employee, or drafting policy will tend to benefit white people. This is just a normal pattern of human behavior (Patterson 449). Affirmative Action’s goal is to correct this problem but it is on the verge of extinction because of proposition 209, or Hopwood vs. Texas. As a result, black admission drop from 65 to 11 in the year following the court case Hopwood vs. Texas. We have seen that effect spreads to UCSD where the number of black students can be measured by finger counting. Opponent of Affirmative Action in college admission has called for using a class-based initiative to determine college admission. They have claimed Affirmative Action not only hurts whites but also Asian Americans. A class based initiative can only help with diversity and does not have the reverse discrimination element that Affirmative Action appears to have. Nonetheless, research has shown Asian American enrollment will increase, white will stay the same, black and Hispanic will decrease if socioeconomic status is used to determine admission (Omi and Takagi 438). The result shows the University of California will be more racially polarized if this plan is implemented. It will generate hostility toward Asian Americans from whites and other minority groups because this plan clearly give Asian American an advantage, unlike Affirmative Action. For a plan that promise diversity, it will end up hurting the diversity makeup of University of California because it deletes race as a factor for consideration. Therefore, minority groups beside Asian American will be denied from an opportunity for higher education. To promote diversity and equal opportunity, race must be taken into consideration because it allows us to identify the victim of racism, who has been denied the opportunity he is entitled to. Without race, how do we know who or where is the victim? Justice Blackmun has said â€Å"to get beyond racism, we must take account of race†. This signifies a shift from protecting individual to protecting a certain group. As a result, race based policies such as Affirmative Action and school desegregation was created. They have helped protecting minority from racism and leveling the playing field. They have forced the public sector and private sector to give minorities equal opportunity because minorities do not have the privilege of being white. The white establishment, without government intervention will extend it hands only to those similar to its. Those policies remedy this preference. Critics of race based policies claim these policies practice reverse discrimination. They want a colorblind policy to be implement instead. However, colorblind policy assumes society to be free of racism and discrimination toward minorities. Statistics have shown otherwise from the low college enrollment of black to the lack of minority in the top position. Colorblind policy will give the control back to the white establishment. Then, discrimination, intentionally or unintentionally, will be directed toward minorities will be much more visible similar to the pre-Civil Right period. In this case, racism cannot be blamed because the people in the establishment are â€Å"colorblind†. It is ironic that a colorblind policy, the goal of the civil right movement, will end up nullifying the legacy of the civil right movement because colorblind is a policy ahead of its time. How to cite The Definition of Institutionalize Racism, Papers

Critical Academic Writing and Multilingual †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Critical Academic Writing and Multilingual. Answer: Introduction: Writing is considered as one of the key tool of communication that assist one in various kinds of development. It is related with putting the internal and external thinking and learning part respectively on some evidenced based tool (Sancha, Longoni Gimnez, 2015). It can be paper or digital. Being a part of my personal interest and professional dealing, I am a blog writer. I am into this activity in order to acquire better prospectus of acquiring the next level of understanding that helps me in enriching my knowledge outcome. Writing is an activity that enables me to have critical thinking as presenting something that is relevant, worth and effective in terms of presentation is vital to have complete analysis of what is required to be gained (Canagarajah, 2013). In doing so, I found that although I possess interest of writing but initially there lacks many areas of key development which is required to be developed further. By doing so, I have analyzed my learning to be effectively developed in many ways. Design it is the subject which is required to be worked upon by me. When I came across this term, I found there is need to have information that helps me to understand and develop my ability and capability related to some technical necessity. I thought of something which is related to application of tools and techniques while developing ideas on something which is out from my box. The reason behind the same is that I belong to management stream and have no clue to technical well beings. In this notion, I believe blog writing is just not about presenting ones idea and though process in any way possible. Rather, it is completely an activity whereby one must be excelled with correct use of subject or say content. Thus, I believed in attending complete week sessions which are planned in order to acquire the learning schedule (Ortiz?de?Mandojana Bansal, 2015). I analyzed that my potential outcome needs to be groomed and for this, attending classes becomes my regular priority. During the commencement of Design It content, there I got an opportunity where it started with the relevance of understanding three main topics. These are namely; Journey mapping, Value chain analysis, and Mind mapping. I found the class pertaining to these subjects interesting as it is a complete blend of learning followed by various action plan and activities. The role of activities process to be great importance as it helps one in gaining the next level of achievement. The reason behind the same is the implementation of SMART objectives that plays effective role (Par, 2017). While working as a coordinator of executing the activities, I was asked by my mentor to prepare the goals. There are various parameters which are undertaken by me as a part of planning, organization, directing and controlling management rule. It sounds to be of much interesting at my end as I have applied this rule during my management academic learning in many ways. Commencing with the lecture my mentors on Journey Mapping, I found it to be of much interesting. The essence of the same lies in planning section where take of investigation is included on major basis. Marketing which is a core subject of my academic record has been worked out to understand the realm of Journey mapping. It is applied as a part of learning as I was asked to collect some market information (Mallikarjun, 2015). I was very much clear with the idea that customers are the king of market and thence are being considered to be as the right conveyor of information. By working on this part as my blog writing content, I felt very interesting. This is an amalgamation of my academic as well as interest account where the effort is to stress on how creatively I can put my knowledge in writing the most suitable content. The mode of expected research is positive from my end. This is done by keeping the fact in order that the only reason that wills asset the reader to attract towards y our content is the facts, figures and how well the entire subject is put to interesting mode (Rehr, Miller Foos, 2015). Thus, here my objective lies in writing something that may hold the reader till the end. I worked on my own style of writing where I set a rule of presenting ideas digitally on account of story format. It refers to create the complete picture of how well the subject is intended to convey. During our class room activity, I found the role of activity to be of great significance. Brain washing is critically being regarded as one of the most vital action plans. Through this activity, the drawing of Blue Mountain is made which is asked by different formed teams in class to describe. This is very easy yet proves to be one of the most happening things. I feel blog writing occupies a major role in delivery outcome (Hk, Moldan Dahl, 2012). Through the activity, it is found that there are instances when their shared different resultant outcome for just one single subject which is common to all varies in different ways. It is surprise to note that every individual share his or her analysis on their part and connectivity with respect fields. Through the Design It content which is our chief area of focused, I have evaluated my development in respective field. I found great course of area of my advancement in terms of self awareness and learning. In order to explore much on this subject area which is not an immediate task, there is prepared action plan of key events and activities that are required to undertake in 6 months for gaining knowledge skills and behaviors requiring for my development. Through the help of current blog writing activity, the efforts are induced to work on other abilities and enrichment of content belongings that have enhanced by business thinking style. The resultant of which has helped me in enhancing my expertise and acquaintance that how writing part is undertaken by keeping other activities and operations while meeting out various confronts. Furthermore, this has proved to be effective in adding value to learn business related principles. This helps in enriching learning through different theori es and principles (Cahusac de Caux et.al., 2017). Along with this, I gained knowledge related to use of apt tools and techniques related to management subjects such as content writing and blog writing, etc. This sounds it be of core relevance to me as it has helped in strengthening my core and related arenas in many ways. The main goal which is critically examined by me is to enhance the in depth base for developing outcome relevant to reality. I have undergone many practical doing that has helped me in critically evaluating the subject that is included in my blog writings. It has also helped me in knowing that blog writing activity is an effective medium to communicate with various stakeholders. With the assistance of the same, I have learned to improve my behavior of presenting course of notions in right order and sequence (Ittner, 2014). Earlier, I limit my viewpoint of looking at the surrounding and related concerns in very limit way possible. Then, I realized through my learning that I need to broaden my perspective to look through wider scope. I started gaining the essence of looking at goals instead of focusing on just writing and marinating a pace of flow of jotting down information. There is need to create room for strengthening my process of supporting belongings in gaining effective ways of doing work. On the other side of the notion, I evaluated my shortcomings in various ways. I found that there are various challenges that occurred during the part of undertaking the right sorting of information while during blog writing. The chief concerned was to focus on enhancing my assessment, methodical and instructive capabilities and knowledge. Following through the investigation I have erudite about the procedure of how well the proceedings of writing subject require to be done. I gained knowledge that how key words are effective for searching data and information on a particular subject (Bell Morse, 2013). Apart from this, my capabilities have improved in terms of scrutiny the sources of raw facts and figures. I adopted essence of comprehension regarding various parameters. These are inclusive of the target, safety, legal tender and influence of data which are available on the online web links. Through my association, I enhanced my learning arena in developing the research question. Thi s in turn has helped a lot in acquisition of reliable, efficient and correct outcomes related to weekly blog sessions being undertaken. Blog writing is identified as an act of creative presentation of ideas and thoughts that indulges one into awareness program. The extent may depend on how well it is conducted as an individual or in a team (Agrawal Lee, 2015). For me, it was group effort in shinning my learning and writing part. I have learned so many factors from my team members in giving a step ahead to my existing work. I also sharpen my area in reading. I through this, I went to studying and reading the blog writing work of other expert bloggers. It has helped me in many ways as it aids in gaining the outcome which is related to construction of ideas, writing and sequence of words that is required to be presented for better outcome (Aull Lancaster, 2014). The flow of writing is understood as what I used to precede is with the immediate writing of my notions pertaining to related object or scenario. However, after my learning, it has been acquired that collection of raw facts and information prior to what is sup posed to write needs to be gathered. Later, the sequence needs to be identified for writing the entire blog. In a nutshell, it can be concluded that the intact experience assisted me in knowing my competencies towards flourishing the end result to be betterment. The complete activity and work plan is sequenced in terms of completion plan which is mapped out through the use of Gantt chart (Bryman, 2015). This is undertaken by considering the six months action plan which is planned and programmed as follows. ACTIVITIES/WEEKS WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6 Establishing a goal required to achieved Mapping out the activities demanding area of improvement Attending lectures and making notes Undertaking practical learning sessions Writing own blog Formative assessment plan on the basis of reflection report Examining the learning being undertaken on measurable parameters The above planned Gantt chart has proved helpful in acquiring the ability to me in going the plan in an organized manner. However, there are learned many aspects which are related to increase my capability to perform with the sufficient deployment of available resources. The supportable allocation of resources is made in lieu of attainment of objectives. Along with the same, there are worked out various barriers identification through problem solving tactics (Agrawal Lee, 2015). This has helped me in generating ability to work upon bringing out my potential for better tomorrow. Moreover, it proves to be of great significance in my professional as well as personal development. Through this, the major impact was observed in enhancing my English writing ability (Cazeaux, 2016). It enriched proficiency to verse and presents the ideas in correct order and manner. In a nutshell, the blog writing learning has helped me furnishing both my knowledge and skills in many ways. References Agrawal, V. Lee, D., (2015). The Effect of Sourcing Policies on a Supplier's Sustainable Practices. Available at SSRN 2601974. Aull, L.L. Lancaster, Z., (2014). Linguistic markers of stance in early and advanced academic writing: A corpus-based comparison.Written Communication,31(2), pp.151-183. Bell, S. and Morse, S., (2013). Measuring sustainability: Learning from doing. Routledge. Bryman, A., (2015). Social research methods. Oxford university press. Cahusac de Caux et.al., (2017). Reflection for learning in doctoral training: writing groups, academic writing proficiency and reflective practice.Reflective Practice, pp.1-11. Canagarajah, A.S., (2013).Critical academic writing and multilingual students. University of Michigan Press. Cazeaux, C., (2016). Art, Research, Philosophy. Routledge. Hk, T., Moldan, B. Dahl, A.L. eds., (2012). Sustainability indicators: a scientific assessment (Vol. 67). Island Press. Ittner, C.D., (2014). Strengthening causal inferences in positivist field studies. Accounting, Organizations and Society. 39(7). pp.545-549. Mallikarjun, S., (2015). Efficiency of US airlines: A strategic operating model. Journal of Air Transport Management. 43. pp.46-56. Ortiz?de?Mandojana, N. Bansal, P., (2015). The long?term benefits of organizational resilience through sustainable business practices. Strategic Management Journal. Par, A., (2017). The Once and Future Writing Centre: A Reflection and Critique. Rehr, R., Miller, G. Foos, B., (2015). Children's environmental health indicators as tools to measure progress toward sustainability. Sustainability: Science, Practice, Policy.11(1). Sancha, C., Longoni, A. Gimnez, C., (2015). Sustainable supplier development practices: Drivers and enablers in a global context. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management. 21(2). pp.95-102. Stage, F.K. Manning, K. eds., (2015). Research in the college context: Approaches and methods. Routledge. Vaishnavi, V.K. Kuechler, W., (2015). Design science research methods and patterns: innovating information and communication technology. Crc Press.

The Battle of Belleau Wood free essay sample

The Battle of Belleau Wood was one the most famous battles of World War I in which the U. S. Marine Corps made their debut into the Western Front. This battle was decisive because it confirmed the entry of the U. S. into World War I which is one of the main reasons, that the allies won the war. American involvement for the first couple years of World War I had been kept to simply supply the allies with weapons and supplies. It wasn’t until 1917 when the United States changed its view on isolationism due to a building pressure and Germany’s several indiscriminate attacks on civilians and attempt at a secret alliance as described in the Zimmerman note. The Battle of Belleau Wood was the Marine Corps attempt to aid the ailing French in losing their territory, most importantly Paris, to the German invaders. The primary source document referenced is a first-hand account from Lt Col Frederick May Wise, commander of the 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines at Belleau Wood. We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle of Belleau Wood or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The article was written from anywhere between the June 1 and June 26, when the battle was recorded to have occurred. Lt Col Wise describes in the beginning of the account how he saw several â€Å"German sausages† high in the air. These â€Å"sausages† were observation balloons that gave the German’s a warning of the allied advance and indicated to the Marines that a defensive fortification was nearby. The men were ordered to hide in the trees of the Bois de Belleau were they were soon pelted by German artillery fire. The continuous shelling was followed but a never ending machine gun and rifle fire from the Germans and the Marines made their best attempts to dig a trench and take cover. Lt Col Wise went to discuss the next course of actions and take suggestions from the commanders of other battalions. Orders then came in from higher up that an attack from the southern edge of Bois de Belleau was to commence which would be a frontal assault on the German positions. After the initial allied shelling of the woods, German machine guns returned fire as the Marine battalions were ordered to their feet to make their advance on the German line. Lt Col Wise described as he received several reports of the Marine successes in the battle as reports of objectives gained came in. Also several German prisoners were taken. The Germans put up a good fight with their machine guns but as Capt. Wass, one of Wise’s officers said, â€Å"But then you once get within bayonet reach of any of them, they’re eager enough to surrender†. In the end, the Marines were victorious in taking Bois de Belleau; however, it was at a heavy cost. Of the nine hundred and sixty five men and twenty six officers in Lt Col Wise’s battalion, he was left with three hundred and fifty men and six officers after his ten months training them. A secondary source article titled â€Å"’Belleau Wood’ The Legend, The Reality, and The Myth† written by Colonel John Miller, USMC. This document was written as an explanation to the reality of the events at Belleau Wood. The article mentions that there was a built up legend to the Marines in Europe that was shown to the American public of how glorious and victorious the Marines in Europe were. The Marines were also fighting to keep their existence as the fact that they were seen as a second land army. The text also covers the myth of the battle and is meant to debunk many ideas that were stirring in the public. Marine recruiters would often sell the argument that the term â€Å"Devil Dogs† came from the Germans to describe the Marines when this was actually not said in the same way it was meant and through some confusion in interpretation, the phrase came to be. Another secondary source researched is from a book by Robert Asprey titled â€Å"At Belleau Wood†. This book is written as an analysis from different points of view. The author has compiled several accounts and research to show arguments of alternative actions that could have been taken and to tell of accounts from people that were actually there. This book puts the events in chronological order and explains the progression of the war and the many famous historical events. The account from Lt Col Wise is important because it is a direct interpretation of what he witnessed during the battle. Many writers and journalists can interview soldiers and marines and ask them to explain their experience, but a primary source is the closest you can get to the accurate truth of someone’s experience. The fact that there are no longer World War I survivors remaining show the importance of keeping the history alive through writing. The author definitely has a bit of bias in writing his account. Lt Col Wise made it appear as if the German infantry were less courageous than their machine gunners because the Germans never attacked like the marines did. Lt Col Wise might have also exaggerated the numbers of prisoners when he described that one single wounded marine herded around fifty German troops as prisoners. Capt. Wass, as mentioned earlier, would be quick to state that the Germans were far inferior to the marines in hand-to-hand combat. Some information the author might have ignored were the reasons why the Germans surrendered in such large amounts. Did they run out of ammunition? Did they lose the will to fight because their command gave up on them? Maybe the German’s viewed the marines as a much more vicious fighting force than their numbers might have suggested? The reader should be interested in this document because its detailed description of the war allows for vivid imagery of the scenes of carnage and destruction on the battlefield. A true military enthusiast would find this recollection enjoyable. This document helps us understand U. S. naval history by mentioning one of the most famous battles of World War I. This is where the U. S. Marine Corps displayed its true colors and attracted the attention of many young men and women to join. Ultimately, this primary source document provides a realistic account of what actually happened as it was written by the commander of a marine battalion.

I Have A Dream Speech Analysis Essays

I Have A Dream Speech Analysis Essays I Have A Dream Speech Analysis Essay I Have A Dream Speech Analysis Essay Martin Luther King Jr., a most prominent 20th century civil-rights activist in America, in his speech â€Å"I have a Dream† (1963) argues for the treatment of Negroes and the rights from which they have been excluded. He supports his argument by calling America out on their betrayal, then assuring that this is not a statement made to be ignored, and finally by illustrating a new world of hope for future generations. King’s purpose is to inspire his audience so that they stand up for the black man and fight with him so equal rights will be given to all people.The author writes in a factual but motivating tone for any citizens who have not fully considered the prospect of equality. The author’s diction clearly highlights the inequality and mistreatment of blacks in society. â€Å"One hundred years later, the Negro still [not being] free† came as motivation to write his speech, and he points out that, although some may think that â€Å"the Negro needed to blow off steam,† they will not back down from the matter, but instead â€Å"still have a dream† which they will hold on to. He draws from experience of constant condescending looks towards him throughout his life, knowing how much of a problem the idea of inequality had become within America. King aims to cease racism in America by illustrating people’s constant evasion of the idea of equality. As many tried to ignore his ideas, he assures them that those hearing his speech will not â€Å"wallow in the valley of despair, but instead go home â€Å"knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed.† King instills many ideas and images of all people on even foo ting, with judgment coming only from one’s character. He talks of a great change all across America, and new meaning to words of freedom. His speech creates a spark of hope for equality in the United States of America, which, over the next decade, will work to provide equal rights to all people. The author’s detail easi

Fundamental of management information system Essay - 3

Fundamental of management information system - Essay Example This can be done by using special software or program which will allow to record by the scanner what products buyers actually buy (scanner data) in the Macy’s stores, click-through sequences, or automated customer counts (Chapter 2: Information Systems and Knowledge Management, n.d.). Based on point-of-sale data recordings there can be retrieved data which will enable Macy’s to answer the question: By organizing all these data into database and comparing information among all 800 locations management will know whether there is a need of adjusting its items to local tastes or may be there is no need at all. In addition to internal behavioral tracking made out of actual sales, Macy’s could carry out proprietary marketing research (Chapter 2: Information Systems and Knowldge Management, n.d.). Such a research can be performed online by using different programs (for instance Salespod), which allows to deal without paperwork and avoid outdated information (Eliminating Paperwork from Retail Marketing and Merchandising). Unknown. "Eliminating Paperwork from Retail Marketing and Merchandising."Â  Salespod.net, 2013. Web. 3 Apr 2014.

National Space Centre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

National Space Centre - Essay Example Marketing entails the executive process of discovering and predicting customers’ needs in an attempt to satiate them, and thereby make profits from this undertaking. Furthermore, wise investors must know the exact consumer requirements, and device marketing stratagem that will satisfy them, while being able to overcome their opponents. The entrepreneurs must also apply the seven P’s available in the marketing mix. When properly implemented, these aspects give an entrepreneur an upper hand over their competitors. Conversely, while planning for any business experience, one must ensure that he or she employs all aspects of the 7Ps. It is apparent that leaders neglect some of their clients’ needs when they make vital business decisions concerning marketing. This is detrimental, since the clients’ needs are the real reason for any business undertaking. This document will look into this, and mull over pricing, another key aspect in marketing. Introduction Market ing is a crucial aspect in any business organization’s survival. ... are conversant with their clients’ requirements and see to it that it is economically viable to provide these products (and services) to the market. Besides, products can be either commodities or services provided in the market. The competitive nature of the markets today prompts entrepreneurs to employ the seven P’s in their marketing campaign. As a result, this manuscript will consider two of the seven P’s of marketing (price and people), and their influence on the success of National Space Centre in the Science Fiction field. In this manuscript, products will vastly depict services. People as an aspect of Marketing Mix Originally, the business people of the mid 1900s came up with 4P’s that tried to illustrate the business market situation in relation to competition. These included the Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. However, as business expanded with the incorporation of technology, 3 more P’s had to be in operation. These included Physical Evidence, People and Process (Balram & Ghuman 2007, p. 80). Business entailed sale of products and services. During trade, it was evident that the 4Ps benefitted the traders of products more than it did to those in the service business line. Besides, contemporary traders may apply more P’s than the current 7 in determining their market mix. However, this document will only reflect on two P’s, which are Price and People (the clients of the space centre will represent the people). The Leicester’s National Space Centre is about to hold an event. This will commemorate the success of its recent film that entails the experience of astronomers in space and their life in space. Their work has been triumphant because of careful application of the seven P’s crucial in the current, competitive environment. For

Alison, Bruce: Two Genders with a Common Identity

Alison, Bruce: Two Genders with a Common Identity Ivory Coast is a west African country where homosexuality is not acknowledged. Even though it is practiced by a minority, they have to keep it secret. Fun Home is about identity. In a tragicomic tone, Alison Bechdel transcends two secrets in her autobiography. These secrets are about gender and identity. Fun Home is home to a special family, an old artificer Bruce Bechdel and his family. This family is not ordinary. After Bruces death, which his daughter Alison, considers being a suicide, his homosexuality is discovered. Alison believes her fathers suicide might be due to the declaration of her lesbianism. She has a common past with Bruce; they both have been hiding the truth about their gender preference. Bechdel uses the art of allusion to describe a complex relationship between Bruce and Alison. She says, In our particular reenactment of this mythic relationship, it was not me but my father who was to plummet from the sky. (Bechdel 4). Through this metaphor, Alisons situation is t he contrary to the real story, the daughter should have been the one to plunge. It is an unusual situation describing two characters, where Bruce is a man and he likes men. Alison is a woman but she prefers females. Physically and emotionally, Bruce and Alison experience distance. Yet, being gay they both had much in common. Physically, Alison was distant from Bruce. She starts her autobiography with an image of herself with her father playing the Icarian Games.   With this game, Alison presents one of the few physical contacts with her father. The author alludes to her father as being both Icarus and Daedalus, an ultimate artist who sees his children as working materials. Bechdel says, Daedalus, too, was indifferent to the human cost of his project (Bechdel 11). This aspect of the book shows the lack of affection establishing a gap between father and daughter. It also describes a complicated relationship between these two characters, characterized by an obstinate Bruce forgetting family affection. Not only physical, this detachment was also emotional. Alison early suspects the sexual identity of her father. Seeing her father using a bronzing stick was proof that he belonged to a different moral ethic from the norm. Bruce was gay but to further complicate the situation he preferred teenagers. Bruce had a secret relation with Roy, his yardwork assistant/baby-sister. These two characters were opposite, Alison feeling comfortable with short hairs and male attitudes, sees her father as a feminist. During an interview on the NPR radio, Bechdel says, Its like one of the first things I remember is wanting to wear boys clothes and fighting with my dad about it. (NPR). She was prevented from expressing her masculinity. Bechdel illustrates this aspect in a discussion between Alison and her father when Bruce says, I dont care! Next time I see you without it, Ill wale you. (Bechdel 97). Holding his daughter away from her desires, Bruce creates more distance than there was already. Despite being distant Alison and her father share similarities, they both had a secret. This disparity from Bruce pushes Alison into more understanding of her father. In the quest to reconstruct her fathers history, many common aspects show up. After the brutal death of Bruce, that Alison alludes as a queer in every sense of that multivalent word, she unveiled her fathers secret. Bechdel emphasizes the detection of this secret by a sensual picture of Roy in the book. She says, Its low-contrast and out of focus. But the subject is clearly our yardwork assistant/babysitter, Roy (Bechdel 100). The picture has a double effect in the book. Certainly, it shows the evidence of Bruces sexual identity but it also characterizes the sexual longing of Alison.   Watson in her analysis of fun home says, The drawn photo is surrounded by elongated dialogue tags that chronicle Bechdels conà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡icted responses, acknowledging both her identià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cation with her fathers erotic de sire for the aesthetic perfection of the boys body, and her distanced critique as a sleuth of this evidence of his secret life. (Watson 41). Still in the 1970s homosexuality was to be hidden in the society. Bruce was keeping his sexual preference secret. Alison was in the same situation too. In a business trip to Philadelphia, they met a woman dressed like a man who had a short haircut. Alison was amazed, but when her father asked her if she wants to be like this woman, she answered no. But her true answer would have been yes. She kept her sexual identity secret. Furthermore, the secret they each had, was about their identity. Like Bruce, Alison was gay. She developed her masculine traits early in her teenage years. Alison says, Indeed, I had become a connoisseur of masculinity at an early age (Bechdel 95). At a young age, she was a non-practicing lesbian. Yet she shares this same reality with her father. In a New Times article, Gustines says, Shes a lesbian, and sexuality looms large in her memoir. Bechdels father, Bruce, was gay (as she puts it: a manic-depressive, closeted fag), and Fun Home is at its heart a story about a daughter trying to understand her father through the common and unspoken bond of their homosexuality (Gustines). Obviously, Alison and her father had this identity in common, they were both homosexuals. In addition to sharing a similar identity, Alison also had common interests with Bruce. Watson in the description of Bruce Bechdel says, Bechdels story about the meaning of Alisons childhood memories not only links her sense of her own sexuality to her fathers secret gay side, it also produces a recognition about how their lives are linked over generations (Watson 42). From Watsons analysis, there is this aspect of their life that connects them. This connection is emphasized when Alison in Bruces twelfth-grade class. They were so consumed by similar thoughts and readings that the class was mostly animated by only Alison. She says, Sometimes it was as if Dad and I were the only ones in the room. (Bechdel 199). As if to confirm their similar identity, Bruce decided to bring his daughter to the film. During their revelation one to another, Bechdel states, It was more like fatherless Stephen and sonless bloomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Bechdel 221). This particular moment opens the barrier between these two characters. For the first time, they share unreservedly their sexual orientation. In many places, especially in West Africa, it is almost impossible for homosexuals to express their identity. The subject of homosexuality is still taboo in some parts of these countries. Through her novel, both tragic and comic, Bechdel draws attention about this particular topic. She shares this theme about homosexuality represented through Alison and her father. These characters struggling to make an intense connection. However, they share similarities. Certainly, this family is more complicated relation because father and daughter share an identity not acknowledged. Fun Home comes out of the ordinary because it touches a sensitive subject that concerns the whole society. Work Cited Bechdel, Alison. Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006. Print. Gustines, George Gene. Fun Home: A Bittersweet Tale of Father and Daughter. The New York Times. The New York Times, 25 June 2006. Web. 06 Mar. 2017. Lesbian Cartoonist Alison Bechdel Countered Dads Secrecy By Being Out And Open. NPR. NPR, 17 Aug. 2015. Web. 06 Mar. 2017. Watson, Julia. Autographic Disclosures and Genealogies of Desire in Alison Bechdels Fun Home. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly, vol. 31, no. 1, Winter2008, pp. 27-58. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com.libdb.dccc.edu/login.aspx?direct=truedb=aphAN=32022609site=ehost-live. Web. 05 Mar. 2017. Smooth Muscle Contraction | Experiment Smooth Muscle Contraction | Experiment Background information on smooth muscles   Smooth muscle is one of three muscle fiber types found in animals. Unlike skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, smooth muscle cells are not striated, and have single nuclei. Smooth muscles are typically under control of the autonomic nervous system, and do not contract voluntarily. Smooth muscle contracts slowly, and does not exhibit the characteristic twitch seen in skeletal muscle. In addition, smooth muscle is not prone to muscle fatigue, making it an ideal component of sphincter muscles. Smooth muscle is found in the gastrointestinal tract of many animals, and is responsible for peristaltic movements. Smooth muscle contractions are affected by calcium and potassium ions. Calcium ion influx into the smooth muscle cell initiates a contraction. Potassium ion concentration in the extra cellular medium affects the resting membrane potential of the cell, bringing it closer to or farther away from its threshold voltage. Neurotransmitters affect different types of smooth muscle differently, depending on the association of the smooth muscle with excitable cells. In general, acetylcholine increases the muscle cells permeability to calcium, while epinephrine decreases the cells permeability to calcium. Introduction and aim of the experiment The following report was to test a smooth muscle which was collected from the intestine of a rabbit. The main of this experiment was to see how the surrounding environment of the muscle could affect how muscle contracted. The experiment consisted of different environments and the muscle was monitored and results were recorded of the amplitude and the frequency of the wavelengths. The levels of muscle contractions and relaxations were measured using a transducer, a D.C amplifier, and a laboratory computer. Overview of experiment The smooth muscle was a small part of the intestine which was prepared correctly by trimming off the attached mesentery and fat. This experiment only required one piece of this smooth muscle and this was then placed into a beaker which was aerated and fed Ringer-Locke solution this is an aqueous solution containing the chlorides of sodium and potassium and calcium that is isotonic to animal tissues. The experiment only required one piece of small intestine, which had the length of 2-3 cm long. The intestine was held in place with a tissue holder, and was attached to the transducer via a piece of string. The transducer detected contractions and relaxation of the muscle, and via the D.C amplifier showed on the computer the frequency and strength of the contractions and relaxations. The solution that the muscle was placed in was kept at the temperature of 37 Celsius apart from when the environment condition changed was the temperature. This type of setup is known as in vivo preparation. This preparation of the smooth intestine allows a precise control of the environmental conditions. Brief description of test carried out The test which was carried out had six parts to it. The first part of the experiment was to gain initial control of the muscle this was done by having optimum conditions for the smooth muscle so it could achieve a steady rate of contraction and relaxation. This was achieved by adding Ringer-Locke solution and keeping it aerated. By having this set up it allowed the muscle environment to be very closely met to the ideal body environment where the muscle would have a good contraction and relaxation rate. The muscle was left in this preparation until the readings on the computer were constant (about 4 minutes) the initial control was labelled using the comment bar. The next environment was non-aerated this meant to turn the air supply off which was coming to the bath where the muscle was held. Then the Ringer-Locke solution was removed from the bath and fresh Ringer-Locke solution was then placed into the bath. The reason for removing the old solution was to prevent any inaccurate readings as the solution could still have contained oxygen which would have affected the results. This part of the test was recorded after every 5, 10, 15 minutes and the results where inserted into a table. The main purpose of using this environment was to see what the muscle contractions and relaxations are when there is a lack of oxygen. This part of the experiment was again labelled on the comment bar. The next part of the experiment was to remove the Ringer-Locke solution and replace it with 50ml of glucose free solution and again results were recorded after every 5 ,10, 15 minutes and recorded into a table. The fourth different environment was change in temperature. The Ringer-Locke solution of 37 Celsius was replaced with a Ringer-Locke solution that was cooled to 4 Celsius. The purpose of this environment was to test the muscle activity in a cold environment and to analyse the effects. The fifth environment involved the use of calcium free solution this replaced the Ringer-Locke solution. This was analysed for 5 minutes to see how the muscle activity was affected. The final environment was to do with changes in the pH. The pH was changed from pH7 which is neutral to a different pH. The solution with different pH was prepared before hand and the purpose of this environment was to see what effect a pH change would have on the muscle activity. After each part of the experiment initial control was established before moving on to the next part the reason for this being to keep the muscle running properly before each part of the experiment and to cause less damage to the smooth muscle. Also each part of the experiment was labelled on the comment bar this was done to show each different part clearly so it was not confused. (Clear methods are shown in the printouts) To work out the amplitude of the graph recording two figures were recorded one being the peak of the wave and the other being the lowest part of the wave To work out the frequency for each part of the experiment the amount of waves were recorded in a minute time period. The frequency in this case was how many times the muscles contracted and relaxed in a minutes. The amplitude was the strength of each contraction and relaxing of the muscle. The maximum and minimum amplitudes were collected for each environment and recorded; the amplitude chosen was picked at random as well as the minute where the frequency of waves was calculated.   Discussion of results Firstly a diagram of the intestine is needed to show how it works and what different types of cells it contains. This is needed as it will help to understand why the muscle behaved differently when tested with six different environments. A diagram of the small intestine is shown below; The small intestine contains the 4 basic layers which are serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa. Small intestine wall is composed of the same four layers that make up most of the gastrointestinal tract: serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa. The mucosa is composed of a layer of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. The epithelial layer of the small intestinal musoca consists of simple columnar epithelium that contains many types of cells. Some of these are the following: Enetrocytes these help with the transport of substances from lumen of the intestine to the circulatory system, synthesis of the glycoprotein enzymes needed for terminal digestion and absorption. Goblet cells these are unicellular mucin also known as secreting glands. Paneth cells these are located at the bottom of the intestinal glands. Their main function is their secretion of granules which contain lysozyme this enzyme helps breakdown bacteria also known as phagocytosis. Paneth cells may have a role in regulating the microbial population in the small intestine. Enteroendocrine cells these are mostly found again in the lower parts of the intestinal gland known as the crypt. The main function of these cells is to release several hormones. The main one beings cholecystokinin, secretin and gastric inhibitory peptide these help increase pancreatic and gallbladder activity. Intermediate cells these are young enterocytes and goblet cell which are able to withstand cell division. Apart from the smooth muscle many other cells and vessels make up the intestine. The small intestine also contains submucosal artery and vein, lymphatic vessel, submucosal plexus, circular layer of smooth muscle, and myenteric plexus. All these tissues, cells, and vessel combine to make the small intestine wall. The smooth muscle in the control environment was able to obtain a steady frequency through out its 4 minute period with 15 waves per minute. The waves which were seen were the smooth muscle contracting and relaxing. The amplitude levels of the waves were both quite high showing strong contractions rate the reason for this was that the environment set was to ideal conditions where the muscle could perform its best. It had a max amplitude of 2.10 and min amplitude of 0.78 which shows that having ideal conditions the muscle is able to behave normally without any problems. The effect of oxygen lack of the smooth muscle cause the small intestine to increase the frequency, at 5 minutes no aerated the frequency had first dropped to 13 and after 15 minutes the frequency of contraction and relaxations had increased to 17 the reason or this being without oxygen the smooth muscles started to have spasms as it was unable to contract properly without the oxygen supply needed. Also the amplitude levels decreased quite quickly from 1.94 (max) and 0.47(min) at 5 minutes to 1.58(max) and 0.38 (min) at 15 minutes. The reason for this was that without oxygen the muscle was unable to make the energy needed for strong contractions as the peak is lowered as can be seen on the traces. This was detected by the pull on the string that was attached to the transducer; the pull was not as strong so this was recorded on the traces. So without oxygen the muscle cells are still able to make ATP but a small amount. Only about 2 ATP are produced per molecule of glucose in glycolys is. If there is no oxygen present, the Pyruvate produced in glycolysis undergoes fermentation to regenerate the NAD+ used in glycolysis. This is known as anaerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration generates only two ATPs, and lactic acid is produced. Most lactic acid diffuses out of the cell and into the bloodstream and is subsequently absorbed by the liver. Some of the lactic acid remains in the muscle fibers, where it contributes to muscle fatigue. Because both the liver and muscle fibers must convert the lactic acid back to pyruvic acid when oxygen becomes available, anaerobic respiration is said to produce oxygen debt The next part of the experiment was to test how the muscle activity differed when placed in glucose free solution. From this part of the test the frequency of muscle activity stayed consistent throughout the 15 minutes. The traces show consistent movement and also the amplitudes levels differed as at 5 minutes (1.34) the maximum amplitude was low then at 10 minutes (1.51) it wet higher and at 15 minutes (1.37) it decreased again to a similar figure which was at 5 minutes. By looking at this result the results are not as accurate as they should have been, meaning they may have been some kind of inaccuracy when following the method as without glucose, ATP can not be made and the amplitude of the waves should have been lower. ATP can be made from glucose which is stored in the carbohydrate glycogen. Through the metabolic process of glycogenolysis, glycogen is broken down to release glucose. ATP is then generated from glucose by cellular respiration. Also ATP can be produced from glucose and fatty acids obtained from the bloodstream. When energy requirements are high, glucose from glycogen stored in the liver and fatty acids from fat stored in adipose cells and the liver are released into the bloodstream. Glucose and fatty acids are then absorbed from the bloodstream by muscle cells. ATP is then generated from these energy-rich molecules by cellular respiration. Without glucose the frequecny should hve increased but the amplitudes levels should have decreased as there was not a sufficient energy source which could supply the muscle so it could contract and relax. The next part of the experiment consisted of placing the smooth muscle into a cooled solution of 4 Celsius from a change of 37 Celsius. There was not much change to the frequency but it did drop a little bit due to the muscle not being used to these environmental conditions. The amplitude differed from the control readings as they had decreased but were still quite high as they had the nutrients in the solutions which helped them to contract. If this experiment was left to carry on then there would be further change as the solution would gradually heat up to room temperature and this would mean that the smooth muscle activity would increase. Calcium plays a big part in all muscle contraction as well as smooth muscle contraction which is different as it does not contain troponin. In smooth muscles calcium ions enter from outside the cell. They then bind to an enzyme complex on myosin; this then breaks up ATP into ADP and then transfers the Pi directly into myosin. By doing this it allows the myosin to activate and from cross ridges with actin. When the calcium is pumped out of the cell, the Pi gets removed from myosin by an enzyme this allows the myosin to become inactive and the smooth muscle is able to relax. This process is also known as myosin regulated contraction. In the experiment where calcium free solution was added it affected the smooth muscle immensely as the frequency of contracting and relaxing dropped to 12. Also the amplitude levels came down as the contractions and relaxations levels were not strong the max being 0.95 and the minimum being 0.47 if this was left for a longer period of time the frequency levels may have dropped more. Without calcium entering the cell the smooth muscle is unable to do the process which is described above. While making the Ringer-Locke solution it is not only the calcium ions which are important to the smooth muscles. Some others are potassium chloride and sodium chloride, the reason these ions are needed because it helps to portray an environment such as the body with ideal conditions. If only distilled water was used it would mean the cells in the muscles would up take the water and blow up. So these ions are used so they are able to keep a concentration gradient and allow everything to work correctly as it would in the smooth muscles natural environment. The final environment was the change in pH levels. The results showed that the muscle had stopped functioning and there was no reading on the traces. This meant that there was no muscle contraction or relaxing. The reason for this was the muscle had broken down the reason for this muscle fatigue was that the low pH had affected the smooth muscle as it was unable to perform in this type of environment. Also as the low pH solution was there for a certain period of time the muscle was unable to remove it and therefore caused the muscle to breakdown. The low pH may have affected the sarcoplasmic reticulum which may lead to the interfere of the intercellular calcium concentrations, this can lead to long term physical muscle damage as muscle fibers are affected. While preparing the isolated smooth muscle many precautions are taken so the muscle can avoid excessive pH changes. One of these precautions which are taken is to make sure that before inserting the small intestine into the bath. The solution will need to be tested with pH indicator test strips which will give a fairly accurate reading of the solution which the smooth muscle will be placed. This is very important as if the pH is incorrect it will mean that the smooth muscle will not perform to its full potential meaning the results achieved will be inaccurate. To gain accurate results all solutions which are used will need to be checked to see if they are the correct pH by using the ph indicating strips. After this test the smooth muscle was unable to reach the control again as the muscle had broken down. If this experiment was done again at room temperature the results would differ as the performance of the muscle would decrease. This is because the optimum temperature inside the body is around 37 Celsius and this temperature allows the muscle to work at an optimum rate. The lower temperature will mean that muscle contraction will be slower as there will be an effect on enzyme reactions as the more heat there is the more kinetic energy there is this will mean that the muscle activity will be good. If acetylcholine was added to the solution bath of the smooth muscle the membrane potential would decrease and the frequency of waves would increase. The muscle will become more active, with an increase in tonic tension and the number of rhythmic contractions. The effect is mediated by enzymes which increases the intracellular Calcium concentration. Another substance which could have been added was adrenaline. Adrenaline allows blood to flow more easily to your muscles. This means that more oxygen is carried to your muscles by the extra blood, which allows your muscles to function at elevated levels. Adrenaline also facilitates the conversion of the bodys fuel source (glycogen) into its fuel (glucose). This carbohydrate gives energy to muscles, and a sudden burst of glucose also allows muscles to strengthen further. Skeletal and smooth muscle muscles differences in structure and function There are many differences between the two types of muscles the differences are stated below: Snmooth muscles Skeletal muscle A smooth muscle fiber has no T tubules, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum forms a loose network throughout the sarcoplasm. Are long cyrindrical cells that contain many nuclei Smooth muscle tissue has no myofibrils or sarcomeres They are striated this shows their precise alignments of their myofilaments. This tissue also has no striations and is called nonstriated muscle. Thick filaments consist of myosin as thin filaments consist mostly of actin. Thick filaments are scattered throughout the sarcoplasm of a smooth muscle cell Each independent cell is stimulated by a motor neurone. Adjacent smooth muscle cells are bound together at dense bodies, transmitting the contractile forces from cell to cell throughout the tissue. Connective endomysium seprates cell Function Differences Smooth muscles cells are an involuntary action and can work slower so they do not have muscle fatigue. Skeletal Muscle contains both Fast Slow Twitch muscle fibers, that allow for a faster reaction where needed, and the opposite is true for the Slow as well Smooth muscle lines your arteries and airways and serves to contract or relax to help control blood pressure. skeletal muscles function almost continuously to maintain your posture making one tiny adjustment after another to keep your body upright They are also present in the iris of the eye to control the size of the pupil in response to light. By the use of the radial and circular muscle. Skeletal muscle is also important for holding your bones in the correct position and prevents your joints from dislocating. Some skeletal muscles in your face are directly attached to your skin They line the GI tract to move food through the intestines. This is done by peristalsis. Skeletal muscle generates heat as a by-product of muscle activity. This heat is vital for maintaining your normal body temperature.