Tuesday, August 6, 2019
Project Plan- Risk and Quality Requirements Essay Example for Free
Project Plan- Risk and Quality Requirements Essay IT Project Plan IT projects are complex in nature. A proper plan gives not only maps the elements of the project but also ensures that the progress of project is going in the desired direction. In other terms, a project plan reduces the risk of project failure or over runs and improves the quality of the project. Project plan is the initial step in executing the project management. Project management strives to meet the expectations of the project stakeholders in terms of cost, quality, delivery and operations.  Project management is a crucial process that involves, people, process, price, infrastructure and cost. Project management should balance the interests of different stakeholders of the project like Project team members, management of the working group, client parameters, industry practices and the budget restrictions. In IT industry, it becomes the responsibility of project manager to look after the co-ordination of the above aspects. Project plan becomes an essential helping tool to the project management in directing the project requirements to the people and system. The project plan aligns the activities with the project life cycle and gives visibility to different phases of the project. IT will be like indicating the stakeholders of the project like client and project team to act upon the different activities of the project like, development, testing, rollout, training and implementation. The project plan is developed in connection with Organizational plan, Risk plan, Cost plan, Test plan, Roll out plan, Quality plan, Maintenance plan etc., So it is evident that Risk identification and Quality parameters act as forecasters for the project phase activities and does have a great significance in the successful implementation. However project plan includes the The Project Plan provides complete overview on how and when a projects objectives are to be achieved, by expressing different activities to resources to achieve targets at different milestones The major elements of the project plan are as following: Description of the project or an over view of the project plan. Project specifications and requirements of the client Project Initiation plan and requirements in terms of technology, budget and people Project dependencies- external, internal Project milestones like Analysis, design, development, testing, implementation and training Identification and specification of project assumptions like availability of resources, technical inputs, skills and competency requirements. Project plan with work break down structure through Gantt chart or bar chart and control points at different levels. Project level activity specifications for different stakeholders like client team,, analysis team, design team etc., Project level resource specifications Project budget and cost plan Project tolerance, through put and capacity in terms of users and boundaries Technology to be implemented with constrains and rationale for the usage. Network contingency plans and infrastructure layout plans to be required for the project work out Risk identification and risk tolerance specifications of he system Quality framework under which the project is expected to execute Risk Risk can be termed as the possible loss or damage to a process. Risk identification is the estimation of possible potential dangers that can occur or hinder the progress of the project. Risk in IT project management is a major component to consider even before the project execution, as the unidentified risks not only obstruct the progress but also may turn the entire project into loss. A risk will have a probability something above 0%. And there is an identified chance to happen, which other wise is not a risk. So a deliberate approach to identify and mitigate the risks is highly appreciable from the project learning from decades. According to Dr. Barry W. Boehm, (as cited in kjordan) the top 10 identified software risks are as follows: Personal Shortfalls in perception of risk and resources Unrealistic schedules and budgets Developing the wrong functions and properties Developing the wrong user interface Gold-plating Continuing stream of requirements changes Shortfalls in externally furnished components Shortfalls in externally performed tasks Real-time performance shortfalls Straining computer-science capabilities So, IT projects do have a risk management process that is expressed through the risk management plan. The risk management plan contains the four major areas to observe in the plan: Risk Identification: The project manager or risk management personnel will identify the possible potential threats to the project management before well in advance. Eg; Shortage of workforce due to the withdrawal of people from the team; this can be from different reasons like, maternity leave, transfers to other projects or contract termination etc., Risk Quantification: The risk identified should be quantifiable, other wise which it is will not be of much useful. Eg; What percentage of people are going to be placed on another major project or percentage of testers that may not be available on project A. Risk Response: The consequences of risk should be specified, in the sense, sometimes the system may be less altered with certain types of risks. With this, the low response of system indicates and attributes the risk as a less priority risk. And the risks that may cause major alterations to the process will be given high priority by the project plan to address them and mitigate them. Risk Monitoring and Control: Risk monitoring and controlling involves the risk mitigation tools and practices for the easy execution of the project. Eg: Training the new people to fill the gaps on attrition by the time they leave or to be transferred from the current project process. The common risk scenarios in IT projects are as follows: Schedule Risk This is the highly possible risks in IT projects, when projects over run with scheduled times or slip the release schedules or the client priorities and queries are not answered Schedule risks alters the project phases and disturbs many dependencies. Other project dependencies like testing schedules, release schedules and infrastructure costing etc., can be altered and result in excessive costing and losses. Schedule risk can happened due to the following reasons: Inappropriate or wrong project time estimation Poor tracking and monitoring of work break down plan with the resources. Over estimation of system functionality and through put. Eg: When the existing system support only 50 resources to work, scheduling of 60 or 65 may result in non availability of proper infrastructure. Wrong estimation of effort or skills. Eg: the project with low skilled work force or low effort estimation may take much time compared with the scenario of experienced people on task. Failure to specify or identify complex functionalities or requirements that emerge and become stumbling blocks for the progress execution, takes longer time to resolve and them to continue with the projected phases. Unexpected project scope expansions: These can happen due to the poor business analysis and feasibility guidelines. Budget Risk All the above schedule risks can ultimately result in increase in resource cost. In addition to this, the following at the initial project plan phase also result in budget risks Wrong budget estimation: When the cost of resources is going to be increased in future, adaptation of old compensation rates will ask for more funds to meet the project execution after some time. Cost overruns: These will arise when the project activities are not aligning with the planned activities Project scope expansion: Wrong specification of requirement may lead to extra budgets.      Eg: Some IT projects fail to define the project scope very specifically in terms of design,      development, training (on site), installation, maintenance, and support. A project that fails        to differentiate between on site training support and training support through    documentation like user guide and admin guide has to face a situation in which the      company has to bear the traveling and expenses of training resource when on-site training      is demanded in the last moment. Operational Risks Operational risks arises due to non specification of appropriate project methodology and non implementation of project processes like daily meetings (scrums), communication reports, Change requirement reports. Such risks will again result in over runs in operational schedules and results in high costs. Some causes of Operational risks are as follows: Failure to address priority conflicts: when tasks and conflicts are not nor prioritized, people sit on unnecessary or low priority tasks resulting the operational delays. Failure to resolve the responsibilities: The non-defined roles and responsibilities work on the similar operations or raise conflicts at some point of time in the operations. Insufficient resources : A project with in sufficient resources may execute poor operational performance and may result in operational delay.  No proper subject training : When the project stakeholders are not given project training at consecutive levels, there will be no direction and clarity in the project operations.  No resource planning : If the resource allocation is not properly planned, conflict arises between the different activities of the system  No communication in team: poor communication is the major hindrance for smooth project execution. Excessive communication and less communication will also alter the project schedules. Non -defining the desired level and form of communication hampers the information flow . eg: Non-maintenance of Change request forms from the client may result in wastage of work on the old configuration of modules by the developers and may result in project over runs. Technical risks Technical risks are the most unidentified risks with great damage and result in failure of functionality and performance. The causes of technical risks are: Continuous changing requirements: The initial technical specifications may require different technology platform to the technology that is appropriate for the recently added requirements Poor suggestion of technology: Lack of technical expertise of resources may result in compatibility problems. Some advanced features that may not be ready by the time of release, or that may not be compatible with the already developed functionalities will hamper the project execution. Product is complex to implement: When the product development is too complex and there is a dearth of skill and expertise in the market, the project needs to suffer delay or failure. Difficult project modules integration: When different modules are products are to be integrated, incompatibility problem arises between them that result in re work or failure. External Risks  These are the external risks beyond the boundaries of project management. These are all uncertain and may result of the following: Shortage of fund. Market Changes: Transferred demand Changing customer product strategy and priority Government rule changes. Quality Requirements of Project Quality refers to the delivery of projects and products that meet the expectations of all the stakeholders. A project that may meet all the specification of the client, but may over run the project schedule is not termed as a quality project, as it has resulted in extra cost to the management. So in order to bring down the risk, IT projects adopt different Quality models. For example Software design and development projects adopt quality models like CMMI, ISO, BSI, etc., he quality model frames a risk management plan and ensures the system to adhere to the planned project activities until the successful implementation. Usually the quality models identify some risk areas and constantly work on controlling the risk areas. The parameters that are commonly observed by different Quality models for IT systems are as follows: Correctness, Reliability, Integrity, Usability, Efficiency, Maintainability, Testability, Interoperability, Flexibility, Reusability, Portability, Clarity, Modifiability, Documentation, Schedule, Validity, Functionality, Generality and Economy. The quality management department or manager will ensure the project that it is being executed properly as per the plan. All the stakeholders monitor the project activities according to the quality parameters and control the error or risk as per the risk mitigation guidelines. Project Quality Plan defines the expectation of the stakeholders in terms of project specifications, schedule time, technology inputs, dependencies etc., and also maps the process to ensure the system to balance. A Project Quality management supports the following through quality plans and system guidelines: Defining organizational and project level quality objectives and parameters Customer requirements and expectations in terms of functionality, delivery Acceptance criteria of the IT product, which is a prioritized list of criteria for the customer to accept the final product. Roles and responsibilities of Quality management team. Functionality boundaries of the project quality system Reference to Industry practices or standards to be met The quality-control and audit processes to be applied to project management Quality-control and audit process parameters and requirements Change management procedures in case of scope change in project Configuration management plan Validation and verification controls Quality control and Assurance plan and procedures By adopting quality monitoring procedures Defining test lab procedures like- test documentation, testing resources, Test cases, scenarios, error logs and other testing documentation Metrics for quality analysis System guidelines for quality management procedures Maintenance of configuration management and change control requirements Conclusion For the Successful IT Project implementation, the project plan must address the risk issues and Quality requirements to mitigate the risk issues. Effective project planning, quality control, and monitoring will ensure the quality assurance of the project mitigating the identified risks. References Elizabeth and Richard Larson, How to Create a Clear Project Plan, Retrieved February 2,          2008 from www.projectmanagement.ittoolbox.com/documents/industry-articles/how-to           create-a-clear-project-plan-844 26k – EPA Requirements for Quality Assurance Project Plans (EPA QA/R-5), Retrieved February     2, 2008 from http://www.epa.gov/QUALITY/qs-docs/r5-final.pdf kjordan, Introduction to Software Risk Risk Management, Retrieved February 2,2008           from            http://baz.com/kjordan/swse625/intro.html Hyatt L. Rosenberg, A Software Quality Model and Metrics for Identifying Project Risks and Assessing Software Quality, http://satc.gsfc.nasa.gov/support/STC_APR96/qualtiy/stc_qual.html Project Management Planning, Retrieved February 2, 2008 from            http://www.cio.ca.gov/itpolicy/pdf/PM3.2_Planning_Process_and_Plan.pdf Project Quality Plan , Retrieved February 2, 2008 from            http://www.ogc.gov.uk/documentation_and_templates_project_quality_plan.asp Project plan, Retrieved February 2, 2008 from      http://www.ogc.gov.uk/documentation_and_templates_project_plan_.asp QUALITY ASSURANCE PROJECT PLAN REQUIREMENTS, Retrieved February 2,            2008   from            http://www.wipp.energy.gov/library/CRA/BaselineTool/Documents/Appendices/            WAP%           2010.PDF Quality Assurance Planning, Retrieved February 2, 2008 from            http://www.chesapeakebay.net/info/qa_planning.cfm Risk management strategy, Retrieved February 2, 2008 from            http://www.ogc.gov.uk/documentation_and_templates_risk_management_strateg           y_.asp Risk management framework, Retrieved February 2, 2008 from            http://www.ogc.gov.uk/documentation_and_templates_risk_management_framew         ork_.as p Risk management strategy, Retrieved February 2, 2008 from      http://www.ogc.gov.uk/documentation_and_templates_risk_management_strateg           y_.asp Risk log (risk register) Retrieved February 2, 2008 from      http://www.ogc.gov.uk/documentation_and_templates_risk_log_risk_register.asp Types of Risks in Software Projects, Retrieved February 2, 2008 from      http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/types-of-risks-in-software-projects/
Monday, August 5, 2019
Bhutanese Refugees Resettlements in the USA
Bhutanese Refugees Resettlements in the USA Introduction Writing a research paper is not an easy task. It requires an exciting topic, argument, research and puzzle questions, extensive research, literature and data on the topic. I was looking for the research topic for my political science capstone course that is related to the politics and/or policies of immigration or integration in the United States. I was born and did my high school in Nepal where I was first introduced about the Bhutanese refugees when they first flee from Bhutan after being the stateless people in their own birth place. A stateless person is someone who does not have the legal document of citizenship of any country which would create a bond between government and individual, and provides certain political, economic, social and other rights as well as the responsible citizen of that nation. (USA for UNHCR, n.d.). Later In 2006, the United States governments offered resettlement to Bhutanese refugees living in the camps from Nepal. (Centers for Disease Control and Prev ention, 2014). I will be doing research on those Bhutanese refugees who were brought in the United States as a Refugee based on the Refugee Resettlement Act of 1975. So, the topic of my research is Bhutanese Refugees Resettlement in the United States. My research puzzle is, while the main mission of the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) is to help new populations maximize their potential in the United States by linking them to critical resources that assist them in becoming integrated members of American society. (Office of Refugee Resettlement, n.d.).However, The Office of Refugee Resettlement and Department of Health and Human Service have already reported 16 suicides cases of Bhutanese refugees from 10 different states who were resettled in the United States between March 2008 to February 2012. Most of the refugees who committed suicide were below 50 years of age and were in the United States less than a year. There are some suicide cases in refuges resettled from other countries such Burma, Burundi, Somalia etc. but the Bhutanese refugees cases are more frequent and higher than other (Trong, Taylor, Lankau, Sivilli, Blanton, Shetty, Lopes-Cardozo,2012; CDC). In the U.S 11 out of 100,000 people die by suicide however the rat e of suicide in Bhutanese refugee is three times higher than the national average. (The Refugee Health Technical Assistance Center (RHTAC), 2011).So, the aim of my research would be to find out why do Bhutanese refugees and some other refugees are committing suicide after they arrived in the U.S? Are there any loopholes and weakness on the refugee resettlement policy that is causing the newly resettled refugees committing suicide and going under serious mental illness? By looking at the frequent suicide cases of Bhutanese refugees and the refugees from other countries, it looks like the U.S government was only able to provide the new identity but not been able to solve their political, cultural, economic and social integration complications. Historical Background Life in Bhutan Bhutanese refugees are the group of people from Nepal migrated to the South of Bhutan in the late 1800s after the Anglo- Bhutanese war of 1865. Later, the migrated newer generations started working in Agricultural field and eventually became Bhutans primary suppliers of food. The number of such worker increased day by day until about 1930 because of the invitation by licensed contractors. The successful generations migrated from Nepal became the Bhutans key source of nations revenue, who were paying taxes in cash even before the Bhutanese monarchy was established in 1907. (Hutt, 2003) The new programs of infrastructure development and land reform program granted Bhutanese citizenship based on the Bhutans Citizenship Act of 1958. However, the new Citizenship act of 1977 and 1985 altered citizenship law drastically. The marriage act of 1980 mandated to marry only with Bhutanese ethnicity with threaten of revoking the government benefits if violated and mandate to wear Bhutanese nationa l costume only nationwide as well. (Rose 1994). So, the Bhutans Citizenship Act of 1985 revoked the Lhotsampa peoples citizenship who does not meet certain criteria such as if they didnt have the tax receipts that can prove that they were living in Bhutan before 1958 and second if they had not been counted in the census. (Lee 1998). In the October of 1900, the people of south did a huge public demonstration asking for civil rights and cultural freedom. The Bhutanese government also acted against protester by capturing the identified participants and placed them into prison. They were kept into the prison for several months without any litigation. Many of them were released by Bhutanese government only if they are ready to sign the voluntary migration form (The form that has the agreement that those who signed it will leave Bhutan as soon as they are released from the jail). So, in the end of 1990, the people from Lhotsampa fled to Nepal by truck. Life in Nepal In 1991, more than one million Bhutanese-Nepalese from Bhutan took temporary protection in Nepal. Later, in the end of 1991 at the request of Government of Nepal (GoN), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and World Food Program (WFP) established the total of seven refugee camps for more than 105,000 refugees in Eastern part of Nepal providing humanitarian assistance and international protection such as food, sheltered, health and education to the Bhutanese refugees. (WFP Publications 2013). All the responsibilities to managed and look after the camp is under UNHCR and for that they assign number of subcontractors and agencies. System of committees were assign to carry out day to day activities. Like Refugee Coordination Unit for the implementation of government policy in all the seven camps, the cam management unit for registration of birth and death as well as looking after food and health program. Likewise, there were Camp secretary, Sector Head and counselling Board. Refugees were living in a very restricted and crowed conditions as for huge numbers, 106,000 of refugee there were approximately 16,673 huts using the local materials like bamboo and their lifespan was assuming to be of three years. Despite having problematic life, they had maintained a very good condition in regards of water and sanitation facilities. Incentive workers within the camp managed the water system and is centrally controlled and distributed through pipes in the estimation of 20-25 liters per person per day. Talking about the food, food basket used to be distributed in every two weeks and they used to get equal amount whether they are grown up man or a newly born. Nepal Red Cross Society were the organization for rations/food until LWF (Lutheran World Federation) took over on 2006 (Bhutanese Refugee, n.d.). The Bhutanese refugee gave high priority for education of their children and thus started running English medium education programmed even with the small resource. The refugees were not allowed to work out of the camp due to the policy of Nepal government but they do not lack opportunities within the camp. And among those chances teaching was the most common. The teacher in the camp were paid a salary in other to motivate them but was much lower than those working outside the camp (Gharti, 2011) (Adelman, 2008). As per the information given by the end of November 2006, there were 37,403 students studying in the schools that was establish within the camp. Even though many Bhutanese refugees were educated there were also a student who dropped the schools as they had to go through multiple difficult situation. Mostly children and women in a camp had a very hard life. For instance, women had to go to jungle in search of wood for the fire to cook the food also there were operation center of Nepal Maoist near the camp and the young refugee had high chance of recruit by Moist (Gharti, 2011)(Adelman, 2008). Resettlement in third Countries: Several Bilateral meetings between Nepal and Bhutan to resolve the Bhutanese refugees situations of repatriation or resettlement didnt come up with the specific solution. (Human Rights Watch, 2007). In fact, in June 2003, The Government of Bhutan appealed that only 24% of the populations in one camp were genuine refugees fled from Bhutan. However, it never let those 24% people also returned to Bhutan. (Banki ,2008) On the other hand, from February 1996 Nepal itself went under civil war due to The Communist Party of Nepal Maoist who were aiming to overthrow the Nepalese Monarchy and establish People Republic. The civil war was ended on November 21,2006. Due to the everyday strikes and unsecured situations Government of Nepal was not able to provide full attention regarding the settlement of Bhutanese refugees problems. More than 13,000 people (including both civilian and armed forces) were killed and 1300 people were misplaced during the conflict. (Office of the United Nations High Co mmissioner for Human Rights, 2012). The repatriation was also impossible because the properties and lands that the Bhutanese refugees were utilizing were on the possession of the other local Bhutanese people. (Adelman, 2008). Since the resettlement and repatriation was impossible in Nepal the resettlement to the third countries was realized as the ultimate solution for the Bhutanese refugees. (COR Center Refugee Backgrounder No. 4, 2007). Finally, in 2007 the Government of Nepal agreed the alternative of the third-country resettlement. The United States government offered to resettle more than 80,000 Bhutanese refugees in the United States based on the refugee and resettlement act of 1975. So, the first group of Bhutanese arrived in the United States was on March 25, 2008 and resettled in different States and cities such as Texas, Arizona, New York; Chicago, Illinois; Syracuse, St. Louis, Missouri, Colorado, Seattle etc. (Bhutanese American organization-PA) Research procedures As a research procedure, the primary data was collected through a random interview. I conducted face to face interview with four random Bhutanese refugees of age above 40 who are currently residing in the Queens, New York. The reason why I chose Queens, New York was because it was easier to find the personnels and conduct the interview since many of the resettled Bhutanese refuges are staying in this region. Even though they came from Nepal and Speak Nepali language I have never met or spoke to those refugees before I took the interview. It was completely random selection. The primary objectives of conducting interview with the Bhutanese refugees (age above 45) is to collect and analyze the pre-and post- migration experiences information from Bhutan to Nepal to the United States. I interviewed with the four randomly selected adult Bhutanese refugees (age above 45) living in the Queens Region. I found Sam (name changed) in the Indian local grocery store called Patel Brothers, met Sima (name changed) Bhutan Corner (Cafe), met Dan (name changed) in Laliguras restaurant and met Albert (name changed) in Elmhurst nearby Hindu Temple. The questions that I prepared for the interviews were related to the pre- and post- migration experiences, qualitative characteristics such as education, languages, job, health status, future aspirations, neighborhood interactions etc. (see Appendix). I collected the interview data by writing down in my notebook. The assumption is that the information collected from the random Bhutanese refugees interview would be more effective to gather deeper information to find out the answers connected with the puzzle and research questions. Literature and data The Secondary literature and data was collected by browsing the several existing scholarships such as books, peer-reviewed journal, articles, newspapers articles, government sites and respective non-profit organization web pages and blogs. The primary reason to look at the literature and statistical data is to provide intellectual information for my research questions and to provide complement to my research puzzle and thesis statement. Findings and Reviews The number of Bhutanese refuges and their group are together multiplying in such a way that thy have their own separate categories in the U.S. Census count. (NY daily news, 2011). These people are mostly residing in Sunnyside, Maspeth, Elmhurst, Woodside and Jackson Heights. (Asian American Federation). Based on the conversation with Sam inside the one corner of the Patel Brothers store, Sam is currently living in Woodside, New York since 2011 with his families. He is 53 years old and was one of Bhutanese who fled from Lhotsampa, Bhutan to Nepal in the summer of 1993 with his wife and two kids. He said living in the refugee camp of Nepal was just a partial relief with limited freedom. He and his families were very happy for getting migration to the United States. Overall, he looked happy for coming in the United States the only complain he had was not getting the expected job. He and his wife both were the teachers in Nepal but they could not get the same type of job in the United States even after several attempts. He does not have stable job and his wife works as a housekeeper at doctors home. I didnt ask him question number 13. He has hope from his kids and would have a better life in the future. Based on the interview with Sima. She is living with her husband in Woodside as well. She said she was 25 years old when her family fled from Bhutan to Nepal in 1993. She was raped by Bhutanese police while she was in prison. She was a beautician in Nepal but here she is also doing housekeeping job and part time salon helper. She said her she was not able to pass the beautician license test because of weak English. She added that though she makes enough money to spend but not fully satisfy with her profession however, she said she does not have any regrets feelings after coming to the U.S. She also does not have any social interaction with other communities besides Nepalese, Bhutanese and some Indians because of the cultural and language variations. The question regarding the suicidal ideation of the Bhutanese refugees she said it varies by the persons mentality. Some people are doing good and some people are going under mental illness however she doesnt want to blame everything on U .S. Government. She said some people were already under depression while they were in Nepals refugee camp. She shared her dream of getting license and having job in own field to be the owner of small beauty salon by herself. I met Dan when I was drinking coffee in Nepalese restaurant (Laliguras). He said he is around 45 now and staying with his wife and one kid. He said he was a teenager when his families escaped from Bhutan to Nepal. Dan is living in Jackson heights 82nd street. Since he was looking open minded and friendly I was little more comfortable asking questions to him. Hence, I was focusing more on the research puzzle and research question. He told me some interesting things, he said after the arrival in the United States they all get supports such as food stamps, Medicare, cash assistance, and training. However, the cash assistance was never enough to cover all the expenses. He also said, all of us need to be self-standing within three to eight months and ready to repay the travel loan (where a family with four people owes $5300 for an only one-way ticket). So, after eight months all the refugees get the pressure of paying back the loan. He again said, I was lucky to get the job in restaurant helper and was able to pay back the loan. He still remembers his close friend hung himself in his bedroom ceiling fan due to the financial burden. He ended up saying that he is now a chef in the restaurant and doesnt have any future high expectation as of now and has very limited interaction with the other communitys people. Later again, I stepped out towards Elmhurst. I meet Albert nearby Hindu Temple. He is around 50 and staying with his wife and 3 daughters. He was working as car mechanic outside camp in Nepal and his expectation was of getting similar job in USA but he was not able to get the same type of job in the United States. He said that he felt like none of the owner or manager trusted him even to give a chance of showing his capabilities. He said now I have three daughters working but he had a very nightmare life in the past after the first arrival in the United States. He said I thought couple of times of doing suicide as well but friends gave me loan to pay off government loan and found a job in warehouse as helper. He again said, language is the most important thing, if you dont know how to speak English in the United States you are vulnerable to discrimination and limited opportunity. From the face to face to interview and sensitive conversations that I conducted with four random Bhutanese refugees living in Queens county New York, it suggests that to begin a new life in the worlds most developed nation like the United States must be a proudful and victorious for the refugees like Bhutanese, who were fleeing from their own country due to the fear of tortures and camp. However, starting over life in totally new environment and with zero balance and knowledge is not an easy. Refugees like Bhutanese who have migrated from the underdeveloped countries like Bhutan and Nepal must deal with numbers post migration problems such as social and cultural integration, language, income, financial burden, mental stress etc. They already have lots of memories from the past persecutions and burden of camp life where as life would be very difficult and unpredictable especially in different and completely new culture, norms, language and communities. Although all of them were very e xcited while moving to the US because of getting new life and identity in the worlds most developed and powerful country but after sometime almost all of them have complains having problems in staring with due to various obstacles like not getting an expected job, discriminations and less opportunity due to language problem, burden of paying back the government loan after six months where they were not fully established in the new world the United States. More than 60% of the Bhutanese refugees follow Hindu religion and rest of others ae Buddhist, Kirat and Christian. (International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2008). The four main sub castes under Hindu Bhutanese refugees are Brahmins (Priests), Cheetris (warriors), Vaishyas (farmers, merchants) and Sudras (servant, Laborers). Most of the Hinduisms are radical where the religion based discrimination is common in Hindu community. So-called higher caste Brahmins do not even allow to enter so called loser caste Hindu people in their kitchen and will not eat food prepared by the lower caste people. (Chapman Colorado.gov, n.d.) Many Hindu Bhutanese refugees are vegetarians some of them does not even eat or touch beef or pork which are common foods in the United States. As per the research conducted at Arizona State University regarding the connection between religious coping and acculturation stress among newly-resettled Hindu Bhutanese refugees in the United States. They use their analyzed data to study the psychological impact of integration on the newly resettled Hindu Bhutanese refugees in the US. Based on the references and collected data, researchers found that Hindu Bhutanese refugees have a very hard time integrating their Hindus Bhutanese culture and beliefs with American cultural values. The authors suggest that heartfelt Hindu Bhutanese may need additional support to integrate in the newly resettled community. causing them isolating and mentally hopeless. (Benson, Sun, Hodge, Androff, 2012) I collected mixed outcome from the face to face interview as some interviewees talked about the loophole of the U.S. Government policy where other said the pre-existing mental health situation of the refuges that developed even worse quite some time later after they arrived in the United States. The cross-sectional survey conducted on the randomly selected 579 Bhutanese refugees of 18 years or older who resettled from 2008-2011, in seven cities of the United States nationwide: Atlanta, Buffalo, Syracuse, Phoenix, Tucson, Dallas/Fort Worth, Houston etc. by the CDC officer considering to the demographics, mental health symptoms, and associated risk factors related to the depression symptoms among newly resettled Bhutanese refugees in the US suggests that the prevalence of depression symptoms among resettled Bhutanese refugees in the US (21%) was higher than the (5%) reported in a meta-analysis of large studies of refugees resettled to western countries. (Trong, Taylor, Lankau, Shetty, Sivilli, 2015 18(4)). Most of the women and older generation refugees have no education at all. So, those we didnt have any education opportunities in Bhutan and didnt became educated in Camp obviously will have the difficult time to adjust in the country where life, culture, language, food and community are different and new. (Marschilok, 2013). The cross-sectional survey and report suggests that cultural isolation and acculturation are resulting in difficulty in integration and adaption into the new country with new peoples. The refuges who had less education were already worried about the resettlement in the third countries making this population more vulnerable to depression since pre-migration. In addition, the researchers at US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Boston Childrens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Department of Public Health and Department of Infectious Diseases performed Bivariate logistic regressions to recognize associated factors with mental illness and suicidal ideation. As a research method, random Bhutanese refugees are interviewed and surveyed by trained experts in the participants community. From the research, they find the mental health conditions occurrence percentage are depression (21%), symptoms of anxiety (19%), post-traumatic stress disorder (4.5%), and suicidal ideation (3%). She also finds the significant causes for suicidal ideation such as financial responsibility, receiving low social support and having symptoms of anxiety and depression. (Trong, Taylor, Lankau, Shetty, Sivilli, 2015 18(4)). The writer, contributing editor at the Bhutanese refugee-run Bhutan News Service currently living in Charlotte, North Carolina writes that just few weeks earlier before hanging in an apartment in Phoenix Arizona, Menuka Poudel spoke to him about her hope and dream of pursuing higher education and long living in America. The writer himself is one of the refugee from Bhutan. He writes poor Poudel was one of the 30 Bhutanese refugees who has already done suicide in the U.S. since the summer of 2008 after the resettlement program began. He adds the statistical data from CDC office that from 2008 to 2012, the ratio of Bhutanese refugees suicide case in America was 20.3 out of 100,000 people. In fact, this ratio is near to double compare to the U.S. general population global suicide rate of 16.0 out of 100,000, (WHO). He also writes after resettlement, many young Bhutanese adults who came to USA seem to have a misalliance between their hope and American dream with the availability of work and quality of pay and life resulting to the mental illness and suicide. Limitations: This research has number of limitations. First, conducting a face to face interview is not an easy task especially when we are doing research about suicide, life and living standards. The collection of data and outcomes might not be 100 percent accurate by conducting a face to face interview with individuals regarding such personal and sensitive issues. Most of the times people might give false statement due to the fear of privacy and hesitations. Second, the primary data I have collected is only from the one region and with a very few contributors, so my collection of primary of data can be useful for the brief analysis but not to draw the conclusion about the Bhutanese refugees who are residing across the United States. Conclusion: Acculturation Appendix: What is your name? Can you tell me about yourself? When did you leave Bhutan and Nepal? Are you married and Do you have children?) Can you tell me about the Journey to the United States? Before you come to the United States, where did you live? Tell me about your favorite childhood memory. What did you like about living in the refugee camp and What did you dislike? Do you remember about that moment when you came to know that you are migrating to the United States permanently? Did you find any surprising differences between your expectation and real life of America? How were you feeling when you first stepped out of Americas Airport? and How were you feeling after six months and How are you feeling now? What are the most challenging things you ever faced in the United States? Why are some people in your community are committing suicide asked only to Dan? What are your future aspirations? References: What Is a Refugee USA for UNHCR? USA for UNHCR. http://www.unrefugees.org/what-is-a-refugee/ (September 18, 2016). https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2016/03/11/bhutanese-refugees-find-home-america https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/assets/2015factsheets_orr.pdf http://refugeehealthta.org/physical-mental-health/mental-health/suicide/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237412852_THE_BHUTANESE_REFUGEES_BETWEEN_VERIFICATION_REPATRIATION_AND_ROYAL_REALPOLITIK Hutt, Michael. 2003. Unbecoming Citizens: Culture, Nationhood and the Flight of Refugees from Bhutan. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Rose, Leo E. 1977. The Politics of Bhutan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 55 Leo E. 1994. The role of the monarchy in the current ethnic conflict in Bhutan. In Michael Hutt (ed) Bhutan: Perspectives on Conflict and Dissent. Gartmore: Kiscadale Publications Tang Lay Lee. (1998). Refugees from Bhutan: Nationality, statelessness and the right to return. International Journal of Refugee Law, 10(1 2), 118-155. Muni, S.D. 1991. Bhutan in the throes of ethnic conflict. India International Centre Quarterly (Spring): 145-54. http://www.bao-phila.org/history The Refugee Act. http://www.acf.hhs.gov. http://www.acf.hhs.gov/orr/resource/the-refugee-act (September 18, 2016). Benson, G. O., F. Sun, D. R. Hodge, and D. K. Androff. 2011. Religious Coping and Acculturation Stress among Hindu Bhutanese: A Study of Newly-Resettled Refugees in the United States. International Social Work 55(4): 538-53. Vonnahme, Laura A. et al. 2014. Factors Associated with Symptoms of Depression Among Bhutanese Refugees in the United States. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health J Immigrant Minority Health 17(6): 1705-14. Ao Trong, Shetty Sharmila, Sivilli Teresa, Blanton, Ellis Heidi, Geltman Paul, Cochran Jennifer, Taylor Eboni, Lankau Emily, and Cardozo Barbara. 2015. Suicidal Ideation and Mental Health of Bhutanese Refugees in the United States. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health J Immigrant Minority Health 18(4): 828-35. Mishra, T.P. 2014. American Dream Becomes Nightmare for Bhutanese Refugees. WSJ. http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/01/07/american-dream-becomes-nightmare-for-bhutanese-refugees/. Maxym, maya. 2010. Nepali-Speaking Bhutanese (Lhotsampa) Cultural Profile. EthnoMed. https://ethnomed.org/culture/nepali-speaking-bhutanese-lhotsampa/nepali-speaking-bhutanese-lhotsampa-cultural-profile#section-3 (September 18, 2016). Ranard, Donald A. 2207. Bhutanese Refugees in Nepal. Hartford Public Library. https://www.hplct.org/assets/uploads/files/backgrounder_bhutanese.pdf (September 18, 2016). Bhutanese Americans Make History Advocating on Capitol Hill. 2014. Hindu American Foundation (HAF). http://www.hafsite.org/whats-new/bhutanese-americans-make-history-advocating-capitol-hill (September 18, 2016). Refugee Health TA. Refugee Health TA. http://refugeehealthta.org/physical-mental-health/mental-health/suicide/ (September 18, 2016). Suicide and Suicidal Ideation Among Bhutanese Refugees United States, 2009-2012. 2013. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6226a2.htm (September 18, 2016). Cochran, Jennifer. 2013. Suicide and Suicidal Ideation Among Bhutanese Refugees United States, 2009-2012. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6226a2.htm (September 18, 2016). Kulman, Betsy, and Kevin Tsukii. 2014. New to America, Bhutanese Refugees Face Suicide Crisis. Aljazeera America. http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/america-tonight/articles/2014/6/19/bhutanese-refugeessuicide.html (September 18, 2016). Ellis, Heidi B. 2015. Understanding Bhutanese Refugee Suicide through the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior. APA PsycNET. http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/ort/85/1/43/ (September 18, 2016).
Advancement of Medical Procedures from the Civil War
Advancement of Medical Procedures from the Civil War Abstract The question being answered through a wide range of sources is, to what extent did the Civil War deaths caused by surgeries and infections advance evolution in the medical field for future generations? A large variety of medical procedures that exist today seem to be newly introduced to the world of dedicated studies to medicine when in reality those same practices have existed previously and simply have taken on more efficient forms than its predecessors. These methods evolved through the concept of rising demands in the community and urge to be able to provide the most efficient and sanitary idea of completing procedures such as surgeries and amputations. This method and concepts were first introduced in the Civil War where firing weapons had become of mass use to the soldiers in the north and south of the country. These weapons caused tremendous number of injuries, most fatal or life threatening. The only way to save those on the edge of death was risking the introduction of surgi cal methods/opportunities of limb amputation. This idea seemed farfetched at the time of existence but there soldiers had no other option as it was a matter of life or death. This essay touches base on many of these procedures and puts into perspective just how dangerous they were even when trying to save the lives of so many victims. Not only were these methods used in the past but they still are to this day in much more advanced forms having evolved to become more prevalent to victims with all forms of injuries, providing the greatest benefits to them. Over time there have been changes in these procedures thanks to the growing knowledge in the medical field brought upon by these early surgeons who sparked the advancement of medical methods of practice. Introduction Today there exists medical procedures that may have seemed impossible to achieve and yet have been created and are being used effectively. These, of course, did not appear spontaneously. Over the course of the decades, the demand for more efficient medical procedures and tools grew as deaths caused by the inefficiency were far too high. Various events and situations influenced these advancements that shaped the future to be far superior. The only question left to be answered is to what extent did the Civil War deaths caused by surgeries and infections advance evolution in the medical field for future generations? From the stench of dead tissue drifting through the unsanitary, swarmed camps to the unglamorous sicknesses of syphilis and diarrhea, our current views towards Civil War therapeutic practices is greatly supported. While progressed or sterile may not be terms describing pharmaceutical practices in the nineteenth century, current healing center practices and treatment techniques owe much to the legacy of Civil War medication. Of the estimated 620,000 warriors who passed on in the war, 66% of these passings were not the aftermath of the actual gunfire , but rather of a injuries that the gunshots inflicted which werent always lethal. Treating the armies of injured officers pushed Americans to reexamine their speculations on wellbeing and create effective practices to tend to those debilitated and injured. Toward the start of the Civil War, medical equipment and learning was barely up to par with the difficulties postured by the injuries, contaminations and ailments which tormented thousa nds of soldiers on both sides. Diseases like diarrhea, typhoid fever, pneumonia, mumps, measles and tuberculosis spread among the inadequately sterilized camps, were brought on effectively and were debilitated by the injuries and diets. Furthermore, armed forces at first attempted to productively tend to and transport their injured, accidentally giving up more lives to insignificant disruption. For therapeutic specialists in the field during the Civil War, sterile (clean) medicinal practices, proper equipment, and composed hospitalization frameworks were essentially obscure. Medical preparation was barely developing out of the chivalrous time, a period where doctors upheld phlebotomy, cleansing, rankling (or a mix of every one of the three) to rebalance the humors of the body and cure the debilitated. Doctors were additionally regularly urged to treat illnesses like syphilis with mercury, a harmful treatment, no doubt. These forceful cures of the chivalrous time were regularly more awful than patients illnesses themselves; the individuals who defeated disease after the war owed their recuperations to the creativity of contemporary pharmaceuticals than to coarseness and possibility. Fortune was an irregularity in camps where poor sanitation, awful cleanliness and eating regimen reared illness, disease, and passing. Where? The South was the side of the nation most influenced where vast majority of the Civil War battles were fought. The country was a fiasco after the war was thought to be over. It became known as the war where a nation turned on itself. Subjection, states rights, sparing issues and numerous different reasons prompted the grisly war. The North consisted of the countrys industrialized businesses, such as factories with production lines, shops, and so forth. While the opposing South consisted of a horticulture based economy. The South, comprised of many slaves, made greater parts of the agriculture in the entire nation. A large portion of the North was against slavery which was a primary reason the Civil War occurred. Every side needed to developed improvements in hopes of being triumphant, yet both sides additionally knew there would only be one winning side. Evidence shows that one of the reasons of war starting was the race of President Abraham Lincoln. Both the North and South realized that with this race the North would have an upper edge politically in winning this war. In spite the reality of what appeared to be a straightforward contradiction, the war was and will dependably be one of the bloodiest in the historical downfall of the United States yielding a mind-boggling number of around six hundred twenty thousand losses bringing our country to where it stands today (Civil War Medicine, n.d.). Many inquiries are left unanswered like, How might our U.S. look today if the South had won this war? or Would servitude and slavery still exist today? and various others which will remain dependably open without answers since there is nothing available to come to a conclusion. The concentration of this paper is to what extent did the Civil War deaths caused by surgeries and infections advance evolution in the medical field for future generations? It wasnt the bullets themselves In present day times its believed that the worst part of the war were the violent fights in which more lives were lost from injuries, contaminations, and numerous infections rather than the ammunition itself. Despite the fact that the aggregate number of passings from both sides joined was about six hundred and twenty thousand, shockingly more than four hundred thousand of them werent from the battles itself. However, infections and other health issues existed all throughout the Civil War. There are a wide range of factors for every one of the passings of the deceased soldiers that had nothing to do with the fights. As one probably are aware, the innovation that was accessible amid the season of the war was not as cutting edge as the world has today where one knows fundamentally every illness along with the cures. Amid the Civil War time there was no comprehension of contaminations and little done for the counteractive action of them. Before germicides and anti-toxins, a minor injury was commonly lethal (Civil War Medicine and the Battle of Cold Harbor, a.n.d.). As clarified in time recently, a larger number of passings were created by lethal illnesses than shots albeit a few discharges led to contaminations or maladies. Reasons for these deadly illnesses were poor cleanliness in camps of the regiments, absence of proper hospitals, absence of safe housing and legitimate attire, deficiency of sustenance and water, and swarmed camps. These made a lethal blend where infections could easily build up an illness. Regardless of the possibility that there was bare comprehension of these lethal illnesses, a group called the Sanitary Commission formed in order to instruct the Union armed force on legitimate sanitation systems with an end goal to attempt to keep these passings from occurring. A few men wouldnt fret the alerts of the Commission and proceeded with the typical methods of their days in the unsanitary camps. This gathering additionally endeavored to change the methodology for harmed men so they would be more sterile and progressed than what they were. One specialist soon started prompting men in the armed force to avoid greasy sustenances and eating at customary time of day. Men did not focus on the doctors notices and continued with their eating regimens and propensities which comprised of overwhelming, greasy, salty meats, very few vegetables, and unpredictable planning and extent of nourishments or dishes at a wide range of times of day. A dreadfully substantial measure of men originated from fights practically consistently or different occasions with wounds of various sorts. The surges of injured got to be distinctly overpowering, and specialists could just stand to spend a predetermined number of profitable minutes per trooper. The greater part of soldiers, if not all, that had genuine wounds in the middle would just pass on from it. Amid the season of the Civil War, the notorious strategy of surgery known as amputation was essentia lly the last resort. It was a quick however a not extremely powerful approach to take the circumstance. Commonly, this aggravated the injury even more than it was before and it turned out to be dangerous. Numerous men trusted it to be the least demanding approach to make the harm less troublesome despite the fact that it was the most anguishing. To decrease this horrendous agony, chloroform was utilized. This fluid was connected to a material and kept over the nose of the patient until he was oblivious to diminish the torment and injury of the removal. Now and again there wasnt sufficient for each injured man that required offer assistance. The clinics would run low on provisions since there was no chance to get of getting them rapidly. This would happen on the grounds that a considerable measure of chloroform was squandered until Dr. Julian John Chisolm created an inhaler. This worked with the utilization of tubes that trickled with chloroform which acted as successfully and just u tilized one eighth of what it did some time recently. Amputation procedures In 1863, Stonewall Jacksons specialist prescribed the evacuation of his left arm, which had been gravely harmed by well disposed fire. At the point when a chloroform-doused fabric was put over his nose, the Confederate general, in incredible agony, murmured, What an infinite blessing, before going limp. (Cellania, 2012) Because of the immense number of injured at once, specialists got to be distinctly used to the strategy and were more capable at removal. Many could conduct a surgery in around 10 minutes. This was an extraordinary preferred standpoint for both sides since most regiments could just hold maybe a couple therapeutic experts within locations. Since there were numerous removals, some days specialists finished with heaps of appendages and other body parts up to 5 feet high (Medicine in the Civil War, n.d.). In the operating tent, the amputation of a very bad looking leg was witnessed. The surgeons had been laboring since the battle to save the leg, but it was impossible. The patient, a delicate looking man, was put under the influence of chloroform, and the amputation was performed with great skill by a surgeon who appeared to be quite accustomed to the use of his instruments. After the arteries were tied, the amputator scraped the end and edge of the bone until they were quite smooth. While the scraping was going on, an attendant asked: How do you feel, Thompson? Awful! was the distinct and emphatic reply. This answer was returned, although the man was far more sensible of the effects of the chloroform than he was of the amputation. (Coco,1995) In spite of the fact that officers trusted that removal was for the better of their lives, it was extremely perilous. They were correct on the grounds that removal spared a larger number of lives than whatever other techniques by transforming confused wounds into littler and more straightforward ones. Absence of water implied there was no hand washing for specialists between methods expanding the likelihood of diseases. Disregarding these odds, a sum of an expected seventy five percent of amputees recovered. Considerably higher rank fighters needed to experience an indistinguishable agony and surgeries from lower class men did. There was no sort of individual treatment for officers, corporals or other higher positions. Removal caused various passings making contaminations or simply insufferable torment, yet it was not by any means the only motivation of ailment and demise of the men in both sides of the war (Civil War Medicine and the Battle of Cold Harbor, n.d.). Wounds and diseases werent the main ones bringing on the hopeless existences of the men in regiment camps. Nature participated in taking lives (Amputations in Military Surgery, a.n.d.). Amid practice penetrates and walks, men were presented to the brutal climate amid long frosty winters or searing summers. There was no reason to not be in condition for the fight to come. The biting icy of the long winters brought about many troopers to end up distinctly wiped out. The tents they remained in were situated outside and were thin expanding the possibility of disorder among the vast gatherings of individuals in regiments. In the Union Army, for each one man executed in battle, four hundred kicked the bucket of infection and illnesses. Numerous things made deadly illnesses from materials that did not appear to be fatal all alone like microbes, for instance. Microscopic organisms can bring about contamination, malady, and affliction, all with the utilization of germs. Numerous things amid t he season of war conveyed germs. Earth was a quite unsuspected transporter alongside mosquitoes in bogs. On the off chance that an injury is not treated accurately or left untreated by and large, microorganisms and germs may enter which can prompt to discharge. This is an exceptionally unpalatable looking substance that is made in an injury when white cells fight against the germs entering. Ordinarily this could be treated with typical germicide. Earth wasnt the main thing bearing germs and illness. Some living beings additionally contained indications of destructive infections. Flying creatures, domesticated animals, and even little bugs like mosquitoes had the likelihood of being sullied. These deadly mosquitoes conveyed intestinal sickness. Jungle fever wasnt the main dangerous malady transmitted through different creatures. Known illnesses amid the season of taking up arms were measles, mumps, pneumonia, utilization, intestinal sickness, typhoo, loose bowels, the runs, yellow fe ver, scurvy, and venereal infections (King, n.d.). Without the correct medicines or solution, none of these lethal illnesses could be cured and ordinarily, even with prescription, wiped out individuals couldnt be cured. These drugs utilized on occasion did not contain the perfect measure of something or a lot of something else and the specialist or specialist would not know or have the capacity to discover. Different circumstances it simply was not sufficiently solid to battle against the illnesses. Medication amid this event was totally unique in relation to how we see it today. Things were obscure that could have spared many lives amid that time. Reports from specialists, specialists, or whatever other sort of right hand in doctors facilities demonstrated numerous setbacks because of the reason for not knowing how to treat a patient the right way. Bourbon, barony, and strychnine, were utilized as stimulants for revues and circulatory framework. For nourishing backing, meat extrica te, espresso, consolidated drain, dark tea, ferrous, mixes, were utilized as cures for iron deficiency. Solutions appeared like ordinary officer counts calories various circumstances for various medications. On account of venereal infection, calomel was utilized for mouth as salve and connected to injuries or different alternatives would be infusions of silver nitrate, zinc, or chloride of potash, otherwise called potassium chloride. Patients with intestinal sickness were treated with quinine alone with spirits of nitre and potassium iodine. For skin issues a straightforward fragrance was utilized and bromine as an alleviating operator. Chloride was put in wounds for purging or stimulants. In spite of the fact that men would shout in torment, it showed advance in the disease rates now that they were bringing down. Kidney issues were a noteworthy occasion in the war with all the slug wounds in the middle region of men furthermore shots in the stomach. These were treated with spirits of alkali, and potassium. Regardless of the possibility that officers did not have a sickness, specialists and specialists did what they could to avert them (King, n.d.). Unsanitary Sanitation At the point when an officer was gotten the camp with ordinary injuries, they were fixed with mortars with different specialists like mustard or belladonna which was then spread on material or consistent paper to be connected to the skin close by the injury. This came to show that it was so compelling to seal the injuries as opposed to leave the wounds open with the high danger of contaminations prompting to illnesses much nearly took after by death. This could happen quickly with the condition or the unpleasant camps where there was not one thing hinting at a rational soundness. Swarms of flies could be seen bugging in each settlement and doctors facility. The flies were thought to be lethal or simply unsanitary, however it was demonstrated off-base. Flies would store their eggs in open injuries of the officers or different patients. Before long the eggs developed and larvae were conceived. These hatchlings did not bring about torment but rather did in actuality clean injuries of th e troopers by eating dead or contaminated skin. The specialists soon began imagining that these hatchlings could have great advantages in averting contaminations of wounds. Rats additionally worked similarly hatchlings did by consuming the dead tissue left. Before long, many medical attendants and other individuals got to be distinctly sickened in this strategy utilized despite the fact that it was viable as a part of most cases (Bollet, 2002). Who was in charge? Surgeons, doctors, nurses, and even assistants played great roles in the Civil War. These were the people who made these procedures possible. Many lives were spared with their insight, strategies, and disclosures. Individuals in the present say that this was a time where numerous medicines and solutions were found that can and are utilized even today. Warriors were enlivened by these lifelines, as they were known for what they did. Some even accepted the open door when they could and got to be specialists or specialists themselves. Union colonel, Thomas Reynolds, was harmed in fight, which lead to having to go through amputation.. Reynolds survived removal and later turned into an educator of surgery and afterward remarked on the act of pointing the finger at specialists for performing numerous superfluous removals which individuals accepted brought on more loss of lives than there ought to have been while others concur it was ideal to endeavor of sparing lives (Bollet, 2001). Specia lists who concurred said that they spared lives and inability to perform important removal made potential outcomes of deadly disease. There was truly no other decision for the men in both sides of the armed force or the specialists themselves since removal was the main surgery accessible. In the North, over a sum of thirty thousand removals were finished with an expected same sum for the Confederates situated in the South. Real surgery was uncommon in light of the fact that disease was all the time a case trailing it. Accordingly, somewhere around 1836 and 1846, a sum of thirty nine surgical strategies were performed at the Massachusetts General Hospital. In the initial 10 years after the introduction of anesthesia, 1847 through 1857, the yearly normal was around one hundred and eighty five, of which 60% were removals. Indeed, even with innovation and medication advancing, surgery was still occasionally utilized or performed. Regardless of the possibility that surgery was important, never was the belly or mid-section of a man opened amid the system. Many of the surgeons in the Civil War had never witnessed a major amputation when they joined the regiments and very few of them had treated gunshot wounds. (Bollet, 2006) Statistics A normal of two thousand four hundred twenty seven methods was done every year at the doctors facility somewhere around 1894 and 1904, yet by 1914 this expanded to more than four thousand. Numerous Civil War specialists that partook in therapeutic techniques on men in the armed forces lived to see improvements and progressions long after the war. These individuals saw and saw the absence of arrangement for treating vast quantities of injured men that they got after fights. Numerous more lives could have been spared considering the way that there were more progressions in restorative methods before long. Around a quarter century of patients were lost altogether from not having the capacity to recuperate after their surgery. In spite of the absence of arrangement for therapeutic strategies amid the war, Union specialists treated more than four hundred thousand injured men of whom an expected two hundred forty five thousand of them were injured from firearm shots or other cannons wounds. Specialists depicted the scenes of them men pouring in as awful where bones were standing out, tissue was gone, or possibly the damage was inner and everything looked typical on the outside of the fighter. Operations were performed in no less than four hundred thousand of all harmed cases. As the war seethed on, more specialists started joining both sides of the armed forces in fight for employments. Toward the begin of the Civil War, the Union Army comprised of one hundred thirteen specialists of which twenty four were rejected and joined the Confederate Army. Throughout the war, formal and casual surgical preparing projects were created for new specialists joining either side. These specialists quickly created abilities and information that enhanced techniques. Before the end of the war, more than twelve thousand specialists had served the Union and around three thousand in the Confederacy. Considering the 66% of the entire passing number of infection or disorder, genuinely a huge sum still passed on from the fight shots discharged from both sides. An assortment of weapons were utilized amid the war, which additionally incorporated an assortment of ammo for every weapon filling various needs. A well known ammo sort was the minie all which was a round discharged from rifles and were generally moderate moving. Indeed, even little shots like that could deliver destructive harm. At the point when the body was struck at the bone the speed of the shot did not permit a perfect leave leaving expansive injuries ordinarily. Comminuted breaks were a dangerous kind of harm. This sort of damage happens when the bone is either, broken, fragmented or smashed into many pieces. Ordinarily this would happen when a shot was discharged and infiltrated joints, for example, the knee, elbow, bear, wrist, lower leg, and hip. Be that as it may, shots were likewise discharged and hit in the face zone leaving a change forever. Facial recreation additionally started amid the Civil War. It started when a private was surviving pneumonia however it decimated his face and specialists took a stab at making it look ordinary utilizing plastic surgery. The methodology helped however it didnt look 100% the same, nor was it conceivable to do as such. Today These procedures exist with much greater value and purpose to this day as there exists professions focusing on these specific jobs to be able to focus on the enhancement of the methods of practice to provide the most efficient management of work for the those in need of help. This new procedures have provided faster healing rates, greater chances of survival, decreased blood loss, and most importantly, increased life expectancy. A sum of more than 66% of the passing tally were from malady and infection which is interesting knowing the Civil War was one of the bloodiest wars in U.S. history. The lives of many overcome officers that left homes, families, dreams, and numerous more things, were relinquished keeping in mind the end goal was the attempt of setting the nation straight. These men battled with respect with the idea in their mind that they were doing it for the country, their country. They battled dauntlessly. Tragically, most of the men experienced a long and agonizing injury prompting to a demise they didnt merit. The war finished in 1865 and subjection was at long last nullified however the cost was high. Abraham Lincoln was killed days after by a man by the name of Booth, who was irritated. The Civil War was the most expensive war in American History, and it has remained an important piece of our history, with the goal that we may recollect dependably that fighting within itself, a country is set to fail. Going from wounds and ailment was an additional weight of the war that brought about noteworthy harm on the hearts, brains, and gatherings of all Americans, yet it in like manner quickened the development of arrangement and affected practices the equipped drive and surgeons still use today. While the Union emphatically had the upside of better remedial supplies and work, both sides attempted to fight disorder and improve helpful tend to their officers in the midst of the war. Tremendous quantities of Americas available day restorative accomplishments have their hidden establishments in the legacy of Americas describing war. Work Cited Amputations in Military Surgery Civil War Medical Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Dec. 2012. http://www.civilwarmedicalbooks.com/civil_war_amputation.html Bollet, Alfred JAY. Civil War Medicine Alfred J. Bollet, M.D. Civil War Medicine Alfred J. Bollet, M.D. Galen Press, 2001. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. Bollet, Alfred J. Medical Book Extras Maggots and Rats: Natures Surgeons During the Civil War. Galen Press, 2002. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. www.galenpress.com/extras/extras.31.htm Bollet, Alfred J. The Truth About Civil War Surgery. History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online The Truth About Civil War Surgery Comments. Weider History Group, 12 June 2006. Web. 2 Dec. 2012. . Cellania, Miss. Neatorama. Neatorama. N.p., 20 Jan. 2012. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. Civil War Medicine and the Battle of Cold Harbor. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. http://collectmedicalantiques.com/gallery/civil-war-medicine-and-the-battle-of-cold- harbor>. Civil War Medicine. Civil War Medicine. N.p., 2003-2008. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. . Coco, Gregory A. A Strange and Blighted Land: Gettysburg : The Aftermath of a Battle. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 1995. Print. King, Janet. Vermont Civil War. Vermont Civil War. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. . Medicine in the Civil War. American Civil War Medical and Surgical History. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2012. .
Sunday, August 4, 2019
Criticism of Pascals Wager Essays -- Religion, Does God Exist?
The proof for the existence of God is an issue that may never be resolved. It has caused division among families and friends, nations and society. The answer to the question â€Å"does God exist?†is almost an impossible one to give with certainty seeing that there is a variety of people, ideas, cultures and beliefs. So how does one know if one’s actions here on earth could have eternal consequences? What is, if any, a â€Å"safe bet†to make? Blaise Pascal was a 15th century philosopher and a mathematician who proposed the idea that although one cannot know for certain that God exists, one can make a â€Å"safe bet†that it is far better to believe in God than not to believe in God. This is not a proof for the existence of God but rather an idea that suggest that if there is a God, it is in the person’s benefit to believe rather to disbelieve because the odds are in favor of the believer. This gambler-like idea is better known as â€Å"Pascal†™s Wager†or â€Å"The Gambler’s Argument.†Nevertheless, this sort of play-the-ponies idea is not quite precise. Although Pascal’s Wager serves as a stepping-stone for non-believers, it is a rather vague, faithless and inaccurate argument. Pascal’s wager takes the position of a gambler. It says that it is far more logical to believe in God because the odds are in one’s favor. Pascal lays it down on a diagram like so: if one believes in God and lives a good, moral, and Christian life and in the end finds that God exists, that person has hit the jack-pot, if I may, gaining eternal life in the presence of God. At the same time, if the aforementioned person comes to the end of life and finds out that God does not exist, then that person really did not loose all that much. Sure probably missed a few parties, didn’t dr... ...ople to come back to Church and to believe in God but not out of self-interest. In order for the argument to accomplish this it must first be rewritten. It needs to define its terms (i.e. the use of the word God), it should not be based on chance or self-interest but rather to make known to the person that it is quite possible that God exists, and finally, it should include a fifth outcome where a person believes in God out of self-interest and is eternally damned anyway for lack of faith, love and for selfishness. Pascal’s Wager calls to mind a famous quote by Albert Camus: â€Å"I would rather live my life as if there is a God and die to find out there isn't, than live my life as if there isn't and die to find out there is.†Until Pascal’s argument is solid and fully developed, one should not adopt the argument as a mean for conversion, evangelization or lifestyle.
Saturday, August 3, 2019
William Shakespeares Othello Essay -- William Shakespeare Othello Ess
William Shakespeare's Othello A significant moment in Othello demonstrates the theme of binaries questioned in many of Shakespeare's works. Addressing the Duke and senators, Othello says: "Let her have your voice. Vouch with me heaven, I therefore beg it not To please the palate of my appetite, Nor to comply with heat--the young affects In me defunct--and proper satisfaction, But to be free and bounteous to her mind; And heaven defend your good souls that you think I will your serious and great business scant When she is with me. No, when light-winged toys Of feathered Cupid seel with wanton dullness My speculative and officed instruments That my disports corrupt and taint my business, Let housewives make a skillet of my helm, And all indign and base adversitities Make head against my estimation." This speech occurs in Othello 1.3.259-273. Desdemona has just requested to accompany her husband to Cyprus and Othello seconds her request. He swears not to be distracted from his military duties if Desdemona comes along. To convince his listeners, he claims he cannot be distracted by sex because he lacks the desire for it. As he puts it, â€Å"the young affects [are] in me defunct†(262-263). Further stressing his commitment to the military, he boldly declares that if he indeed neglects his duties for the state, â€Å"let housewives make a skillet of my helm, and all indign and base adversities make head against my estimation†(271-273). In other words, if his sexual pleasure (â€Å"disports†) gets in the way of his work (â€Å"business†), he does not deserve to be called a man and should be emasculated by allowing housewives to cook with his helmet. Furthermore, his enemies good reputation should be razed. Line 271 (â€Å"Let house... ...od a place as any to start. Works Cited â€Å"Appetite.†Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1987. Greenblatt, Stephen. Introduction. The Norton Shakespeare. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1997. â€Å"Helm.†Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1987. McDonald, Russ. The Bedford Companion to Shakespare. 2nd ed. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001. â€Å"Palate.†Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1987. Shakespeare, William. â€Å"The Tragedy of Coriolanus.†The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1997. 2793-2872. ---. â€Å"The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice.†The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1997. 2100-2174. ---. â€Å"Troilus and Cressida. The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1997. 1835-1913. â€Å"Skillet.†Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1987.
Friday, August 2, 2019
Womens’ Liberation Movement Notes
The Women's Liberation Movement AKA: Women's Lib Feminist Movement or Women's Rights Movement â€Å"Feminism is the radical notion that women are human beings†-women fighting male power structure Women, you may be feminist if you: -had lots of choices after high school -had the option of college/grad school -have a career/job and family -plan to be a doctor, lawyer, engineer (professional) -support fair work salary for any work -workplace is free of sexual discrimination -participate in women's sports -go to a woman doctor -vote in any political race -run for any political office intend to use daycare -can get a divorce (custody) -â€Å"You have the choose of wearing jeans and tennis shoes instead of a girdle and heels†â€Å"man is not the enemy here but the fellow victim†-Betty Friedan -If civil rights are denied by somebody, it affects everybody Men, you may be feminist if you: -are in college or have had other opportunities because of mom's good job to cont ribute to income -mom had support services to help raise you/siblings -have a content, stay at home mom -have ever been asked out by a girl (or paid) Understand and Appreciate Art -How is it put together? What do I personally bring? -Where did it come from? (Context) The First Wave of Feminism 1848-1920 -Women's Rights Convention *Seneca Falls, NY: July 19-20, 1848 -19th Amendment *ratified June 26, 1920 *voting day: November 2, 1920 Second Wave of Feminism 1960s-70s State of Women's Rights in 1848 by Custom and/or Law -Economic *could not buy/sell property *could not enter into contracts without husband's consent *actually seen as property -Social *no recourse to spousal abuse *no divorce without husband's consent *few custody rights over kids *could not go out in public alone Educational *denied any education *denied education in math, language *most could not go to college *could not enter the professions (law, engineering) *some women attended â€Å"female seminars†or â €Å"academies†to become teachers; once they were married, however, they were fired -Political *could not serve on a jury *could not testify in a case (too emotional, not trustworthy) *could not vote (not smart, too delicate, â€Å"vote like husband†) Lizzy Borden: acquitted by a jury of 12 men: â€Å"not guilty†of killing her two parents â€Å"Lizzie Borden took an axe And gave her mother forty whacks.When she saw what she had done She gave her father forty-one. †The Birth of the Women's Movement -Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott attended the World Anti-Slavery Convention with their husbands in London; they were denied seats because they were women -The women reunited at a tea party at the McKlintock House in July 1848 (Seneca Falls, NY) and decided on a convention -Stanton mostly wrote the â€Å"The Declaration of Rights and Sentiments†*†We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal†List of Grievances -never exercised the right to vote he made her morally, an irresponsible being -in the eye of the law, married women were â€Å"dead†-denied right to education -denied divorce rights -demeaned to second-class citizens Women's Rights Convention, July 19-20, 1848 -300 men and women gathered at the Wesleyan Methodist Church, Seneca Falls, NY -Ratification of their Declaration -Fight over the 11th amendment (suffrage) -Frederick Douglass (great orator, ex-slave, equivalent to Malcolm X) fought for women's rights at the convention: compared value of women as lesser than animals in society Video Clip Notes: Not for Ourselves Alone- Seneca Falls narrations from female historians reflecting -procession of women to Seneca Falls -July 19, only women attended; July 20, open to all (over 300 men and women) -Lucretia's husband was asked to lead (the women were nervous because they never spoke in public) -men decried women of their rights -68 men and women signed their Decl aration -11 new conditions, only 10 were passed; still no right to vote -â€Å"The right to vote is ours. Have it we must, use it we will†-Stanton -â€Å"Without the vote, women would be unable to change the laws that hurt them†-Douglass The Suffrage Movement Susan B. Anthony (died 1906) *Last public words: â€Å"Failure is impossible†*One of four women and 2 modern women to be on money -Carrie Chapman Catt -Alice Paul â€Å"Iron Jawed Angels†(film) -women jailed for fighting for suffrage The End of the First Wave -Ratification of the 19th Amendment, June 29, 1920 Sufragette: women (1920s) who fought for women's rights Video Clip Notes -Interview with Ruth Dyk (98 yrs. old): mom was a suffragette -Interview with Ethel Hall (100 yrs. old) -more than 8 million women voted -14 years for women to vote since Declaration Stanton and Anthony did not get to vote because they died One Step Forward, Two Steps Back -Some improvement -loss of â€Å"steam†-Great Depression (â€Å"Migrant Mother†iconic Great Depression photo taken by Dorothy Lange, 1936) â€Å"We Can Do It! †World War II : The 1940s -women take over â€Å"masculine jobs†to help win the war -â€Å"if you've used an electric mixer in your kitchen, you can learn to run a drill press†-â€Å"Rosie the Riveter†represented a lot of women; iconic poster by J. Howard Miller -6 million women became Rosie's -â€Å"Rosie the Riveter†by the Four Vagabonds (song) Marilyn Monroe (Norma Jane Baker) was a Rosie working with planes, when a photographer saw her and took army photos -Fannie Lou Hamer: sharecropper who became a significant voting rights and civil rights activist Rush to the Altar mid-late 1940s -soldiers come home, women go home, men take back the jobs Marriage rate: 1948- 16. 4%; 2008- 7. 1% Traditional Housewives (Suburbs) 1950s -normalcy after the war -traditional families/sex roles -PhT (Putting Husband Through) and Mrs. degrees (women going to college to find a husband) -the ideal of the housewife â€Å"the feminine mystique†Video Clip Notes: â€Å"Why Study Home Economics†(University of Kansas) -â€Å"I'm going to need to know†-â€Å".. homemaker the rest of my life†-we're going to get married, no choice -Counselor: â€Å"Home Ec training teaches you how to be a better homemaker†Ultimate Goal: Marriage and Family -regardless of education -TV Show â€Å"Leave it to Beaver†portrayed traditional family roles -TV was new in the 50s: what messages were TV shows sending to men and women? -â€Å"Drop the Mop†song (â€Å"Equal jobs and educational opportunities†) The Winds of Discontent (late 50s, early 60s) legal job discrimination -1/3 women working outside of home (low paying jobs, laid off first, â€Å"glass ceiling†) -After WWII, new technology -Airline jobs- as soon as a stewardess got married, she was fired; wasn't the same for pilots (only could be male) -teaching was considered the â€Å"best job†(others were secretaries, but no professions) -Lorena Weeks: Used 1964 legislation to fight the legal discrimination at work *operated switchboards under bad hours and low pay Dissatisfied Housewives -Betty Friedan â€Å"voice of dissatisfied housewives†-Wrote â€Å"The Feminine Mystique†(1953)Video Clip Notes -K. Foley: working wife/mother *frozen opportunities and lack of jobs -Dust Roady: earned college degree in 1950, wanted to be a pilot, denied position and only offered to be a stewardess Video Clip Notes: Eastern Airlines commercial -discriminatory and demeaning towards female (stewardesses) -they were fired at age 32, versus male pilots being fired at age 60 -Friedan challenged the identity of women in her book; â€Å".. cannot find herself in a house†-not all women bought her message, however -Jacqui Ceball â€Å"it wasn't us, it was society†The President's Commiss ion on the Status of Women 1961 -JFK's presidency: women were paid $0. 59 for every $1 men were paid -2008: women were paid $0. 77 for every $1 men were paid -low, unequal pay -poor job opportunities -quotas in professional schools (only a certain number of women) -lack of social services -TV show â€Å"All in the Family†– wage disparity (Archie was the husband) -60s: some nuns got rid of their habits (changes in the church) â€Å"The personal is political†-social restrictions *†men only†and â€Å"women only†public places women were isolated in their own homes- they couldn't meet up and talk -this issue lead to â€Å"Consciousness Raising Groups,†where women could talk about anything in privacy without men or children -battered women's shelters -contraceptive rights, including abortion (Roe V. Wade) -rape laws -Before Second Wave Feminism, issues such as abusive relationships were â€Å"personal problems,†not â€Å"society 's problem†-However, feminists argued that society needs to be involved with solving these problems Video Clip Notes -Women try to enter men's bar â€Å"women are people,†â€Å"start all over†(black and whites, men and women)Video Clip Notes â€Å"Second-Class Citizens†-60s: in some states, women needed husband's cosign to get a credit card -70s: women would not be interrupted during consciousness raising group meetings -women's strike â€Å"don't iron while the strike is hot†The Mid 60s-70s -Civil Rights Act 1964 banned discrimination (race and gender) -National Organization for Women (NOW) 1966 *created by Betty Friedan; still one of the largest poetical organizations for women's rights today *aimed at men too (better for them) *not all feminists of 60s agreed with her (like MLK vs Malcolm X)Miss America Protest 1968 -Guerrilla theatre Video Clip Notes -March on Washington 1963 -led to critical victory for minorities and women: LBJ signs Civi l Rights Act -Lorena Weeks cited the Civil RIghts Act to fight *it took 5 years and an appeal to the Supreme Court, but she got the job she wanted -Women in white robes praying â€Å"Mother, Daughter, Holy Granddaughter†-to feminists: Miss America Pageant was epitome of â€Å"ideal woman†-female protestors threw bras, girdles, makeup, and heels in trash -Shirley Chisholm: equal pay and equal opportunities in stock market: feminismWomen's Liberation: â€Å"I Am Woman, Hear Me Roar†-Helen Reddy -Politics -Legal System -Wall Street -Media -Medicine -Arts -Sports -Pop Culure -ALL AREAS â€Å"The Feminine Mystique,†or Betty, Tina, Mrs. Robinson, and all those other housewives Betty Friedan 1921-2006 -Smith College 1942 -Wife, mother, housewife, writer, feminist leader -â€Å"The Feminist Mystique†-Worked as a journalist in 50s, but got fired when she got pregnant; she then did free-lance magazine work from home How did the Feminist Mystique get sta rted? -â€Å"McCall's†magazine â€Å"women's†magazine that catered to women's issues; asked Friedan to write a piece *Friedan interviewed women she graduated with and asked them â€Å"What has been your experience as a woman? †-The initial title of the article was to be â€Å"The Togetherness Woman†(the happy, ideal, traditional woman) -Smith College's Class of 1942 15th reunion What did McCall's expect to find? -ideal 50s women -high levels of satisfaction and happiness -LIFE Magazine, December 1956: â€Å"ideal American woman†¦white, middle-class, frivolous, spoiled, beautiful, boy crazy.. †Ideal 50s Woman -Feminine -Delicate Not intellectual -Compliant -Content -Him-focused -Family-focused -House-focused Video Clip Notes -Christian Dior set standards for fashion trends during wartime -Hourglass figure, girdles and slim shapes with big bust -â€Å"feminine, sexy†-Contestants had to peel potatoes and make a bed in Miss America Pa geant Barbie -invented in 1959 -commercial doll (doll $3, clothes $1-5) -Mattel International Video Clip Notes: Xerox commercial -first machine in 1959 -take-off on Marilyn Monroe, ditzy secetary -overall message: â€Å"So easy a woman can do it†A Housewife's Day -PTA meetings Shopping -Seeing her friends -In her kitchen What did Friedan's survey actually find? -discontent, unhappy -unexplained fatigue and physical illness -prescription drug use sky rocketed *3 years: 1. 2 million pounds of Miltown (tranquilizer) had been taken by women (mid 50s) -lack of interest in the world or hope for the future -went beyond her college peers She found that for women†¦. -College graduate rates: 60% drop out (PhT) -Marriage rates up, age down (average 20yrs and dropping in late 50s) -Skyrocketing birthrate -Labor Market: 1/3 working; nonprofessional â€Å"jobs†Politics: Congress- more in 40s than in the 50s What did Friedan conclude? -Women suffer from â€Å"the problem that has no name†*The housewife's â€Å"blight†(doctors used these terms, even) -Psychological problem: lack of identity -Trapped in a dilemma *Homemaker lifestyle that was the envy of many but not fulfilling, especially to the educated woman -McCall's denied Friedan's magazine Article (editors were men) What is the Feminine Mystique? -Post WWII ideology that a woman can and should only be fulfilled as a housewife and mother -Resistance: sickness, abnormality Intentionally pervasive throughout society -Fight back against Feminine Mystique is the Women's Lib Movement What did Friedan do? -Wrote â€Å"the Feminine Mystique†(1963) *†scream of pain†-Changed the course of history -Became a pioneer of the Second Wave -Remember: Susan B. Anthony was a pioneer of the First Wave Possible â€Å"Why? †Theories -nation's need to return to pre-war â€Å"normalcy†? -â€Å"Artificial Buoyancy†idea that in society, there are people who feel the y want to be on top, meaning some have to sink to the bottom (men vs. omen) -need for a consumer class with time and desire to shop The Freudian â€Å"Why†Theory -Sigmund Freud: Father of psychology and psychiatry -Anatomy is destiny *Women are anatomically built to be mothers -â€Å"Normal female traits are receptivity and passivity†¦a willingness to accept dependence. †-Freud is a â€Å"male chauvinist pig†-Shulamith Firestone coined this phrase Friedan's Conclusion: All the theories are true -The Feminine Mystique is pervasive in society and it is the result of an intentional conspiracy by the male-dominated society to keep things male-dominated The Stepford Wives Sci-fi book by Ira Levin: men find a way to turn their wives into robots (ideal 50s woman) -Movies: 1975- thriller; 2004- spoof (credits show many different shots to send his message) The Graduate (1967) -#7 American Film Institute: Best movie of all time -Book written by Charles Webb- gradu ated from William College then wrote it -Ann Bancroft (who inspired Professor Loughran to act very young) played â€Å"Mrs. Robinson,†an unhappy housewife -Dustin Hoffman plays â€Å"Benjamin,†a discontent college graduate; actor was originally supposed to be tall and attractive, like Robert Redford -Katharine Ross Music: Simon and Garfunkel wrote the theme song, which was originally supposed to be â€Å"Mrs. Roosevelt†-Director: Mike Nichols Video Clip Notes â€Å"the Graduate†-Scene begins after Ben's graduation party -Mrs. Robinson resorts to alcohol and music -â€Å"Mrs. Robinson you're trying to seduce me†Diary of a Mad Housewife (1970) -Comedy of manners: making fun of a certain segment of society -exploring dangers of Feminine Mystique in a humorous way -Making fun of upper, affluent lifestyles of these people Early Days of TV -1939 World Fair -Rapid expansion *Post WWII leisure *Better technology Better programming -Content *news, dram a, variety shows *live broadcast *advertising 1955: Fort Wayne, Indiana -Social Lives -Education -Business -Church TV and Politics -JFK AKA â€Å"TV President†-TV was live in the 60s *death of Lee Harvey Oswald was aired 1950s/60s TV: A Man's World â€Å"Women's lives are so dull†¦ they don't need TV shows†â€Å"women can make decisions in comedies.. †-Norman Felton, MGM Executive Producer -Madelyn Martin, writer for â€Å"Lucy†shows Television's Portrayal of Women (according to Friedan) -boring -jealous -inept -foolish -dependent -weak -silly -spoiled -materialistic â€Å"I Married Joan†(1954 Daytime TV Show) *Joan Davis (like Lucille Ball) *†Mrs. Bradley Stevens†(married to judge_ Marlo Thomas: Arts Hero -Personal Life *Born 1937 *Daughter of Danny Thomas (comedy â€Å"Danny Thomas Show†) *grew up privileged *wife/stepmother Phil Donaghue (precursor to Oprah, similar talk show) *didn't want to get married *saw mistre atment of women firsthand in acting industry *wanted to be an actress, and was concerned about making it on her own Acting -TV Series: That Girl, among others -Film -Theater Writing -Free to Be†¦You and Me (healthier children's book) *books, CDs, and TV specialsOther -Producer -Speaker -Awards: Lucy Award (outstanding women in TV), Emmy, Golden Globe, Grammy *same as Sidney Poiter: not about winning, but making a difference That Girl -September 1966 -First show about a single woman -Force behind the show *scripts *clothes -Production aspects -end of season, she had a boyfriend on the show, the producer wanted them to marry but she said â€Å"Hell no! †Making a Difference -Advocate for women's rights *The Ms. Foundation for Women -St. Jude's Children's (Cancer) Research Hospital *Her dad founded this in 1960 Janis wanted what med had- everything Don't compromise yourself. You're all you've got. †Janis Joplin: first female rockstar -wanted to be equal with men -she wanted a personal life -From Port Arthur, TX; always wrote letters and kept in touch with her family -Dated musician Country Joe McDonald -Wanted a career, broke with the band â€Å"Big Brother†and went successfully solo -Died of heroine overdose -Made it okay for a woman to create her own kind of beauty -made it possible for women to have any type of career -1995: inducted into Rock ‘n' Roll Hall of Fame -Helped women reach for the starts -inspired female rockstars
Thursday, August 1, 2019
Violence in media
Poor relationships), education (Insignificant schooling), socioeconomic status and community (egg. Neighborhood violence) M; West, M; Marrow, D; Hamburger, M; Boxer, P, 2008, p. 929). Although exposure to media violence is not the primary motive for aggressive behavior, it is however, the single most curable contributing reason. Violence is noticeably becoming a key factor within today's society; medias interpretation and representation of violence on all forms of interaction must play a role on our behavior to date.Theorists have established from recent research that violent media for instance, video games and movies, â€Å"temporarily Increase aggressive thoughts. Aggressive affect and physiological arousal†(Carnage, Anderson, & Bartholomew, 2007, p. 179), thus creating violent behaviors. In addition, Anderson cited that, â€Å"the industry markets violent video games to underage kids†(Anderson, 2004, p. 1 1 which evokes violent thoughts, imitation and aggressive ac tions. Through this proposed study a major issue raised within the area of media violence would be addressed.This Issue that needs to be noninsured Is the long-term effects that may occur to the youth. In this context, â€Å"physiological desensitizing displays reduced or no emotional feelings or empathy for others, due to media influencing thoughts, feelings and motives; primarily this has become a concern as media increased the likelihood of violent behavior†(Houseman, L & Taylor, L, 2006; & Carnage, N, Anderson, C & Bartholomew, B, 2007). The aim of this study is to investigate the potential gaps to help understand the relationship between violence in the media, and aggressive behavior between he youth of today.Firstly, notwithstanding the substantial Information already gathered on the short-term effects of media violence, little study has been able to link media and young adults to seriously violent behavioral tendencies (Hobart, M; West, M; Marrow, D; Hamburger, M; Box er, P, 2008, p. 930). Secondly, the studies undertaken to date on the effects of media violence influencing hostile behavior, seem to be more noticeable for the earlier years with once again only touching the boundaries In regards to adolescents.This study will analyses behavior and affects as not been fully investigated & recorded in the past due to concentration of research on media violence on adolescents. I wish to undertake this research to see if a link can be established between media violence and the seemingly known aggression for this age group. If proven this would assist our legislators draft comprehensive legislation, based on sound research, to address issues & provide protection for our youth going forward. Analyses of this study will focus particularly on the pervasiveness and the characteristics of young adults exposed to violence through movies and video games.Aims and Objectives The specific aim of this study is to critically assess the association between violence in the media and the expression of seriously violent behavior among the youth, ages 18-24, in a quota sample. The objectives of this project are to: 1 . Critically examine existing knowledge and gaps on this particular topic. 2. Classify and examine the different effects for different media. 3. Develop further theory to examine if media violence is considered a problem. 4. Evaluate people's perceptions of the impact media violence has on themselves and other young individual's in the youth. . Make recommendations to address issues and provide protection for the youth going forward. Literature review A significant and growing body of researchers state that the â€Å"youth exposure to media violence leads to increased aggressiveness†(Slater. M, Henry, K, Swami, R & Anderson, L, 2003, p. 713). This can be seen as a serious problem within the society; due to the fact media violence primes the viewers for aggressive behavior by stimulating violent-related thoughts, evokes imitat ion and increases arousal (Meyer, 1010, P. 243).Nonetheless, many individuals believe that media violence will not affect hem negatively or directly. However, the outcomes for media violence present instant effects or long-term effects within individuals, especially throughout the numerous types of media. From a social-neuroscience viewpoint, video games are portrayed as a different type of media than television and movies, mainly because â€Å"video games are more interactive and immerse, engaging neural systems which activate and effect aggressive behaviors†(Carnage, Anderson, & Bartholomew, 2007, p. 79); in this context, video games primarily engage the players, allowing these players o identify themselves as the attacker, to receive direct awards and promote In addition, physiological desensitizing needs to be considered for the youth as this theory leads to reduced or no emotions towards others as suggested by Carnage, Anderson & Bartholomew, where they state Moline in movies and on television has changed many individuals reactions so much that they laugh at human suffering, thus suggesting that this immediate effect is linked to an increase in aggression and reduced sympathy' (2007, p 180).Therefore this may demonstrate Eng term and repeated exposure to violence in all aspects of the media can influence and increase aggression throughout their lifespan. Various studies previously undertaken regarding video game violence and its possible promotion of antisocial behavior, shows the individual identifying and role-playing the violent characters. This is evident in a study conducted by Douglas Gentile (2004) about young individuals who frequently played violent video games, and were more likely to have increased aggression and fights then those who participated in non-hostile media games.Similarly, Potter suggests that â€Å"when violence permeates the media year after year in all kinds of programming and when the message of that violence is antisoc ial, the mean of society is likely to move gradually in an antisocial direction†(Potter, 2003, p. 50), therefore, creating the key idea that individuals will try harder to gain social acceptance through aggressive actions due to the cause of violent media. SECTION B: Methodology and Research design Methodology The proposed research conducted would be best lead through an interpretative paradigm as the theoretical framework for this study.Interpretative seeks to comprehend and describe human social reality, an understanding that is diverse for every individual person (Walter, 2010). This research will endeavourer to understand the impact media violence has on the youth within society and how behavior can be influenced and imitated through observational viewing. To comprehend the aim of this study, a mixed methodology of quantitative and qualitative research will be used for the investigation. As part of the quantitative research, quota sampling will be utilized to segregate th e population as the research focuses only on the youth populace, ages 18-24.Additionally, a convenience random sample survey on survey monkey will be utilized to gain the data of a small sample group consisting of 20 individuals. The questions asked will help gain personal perspectives of individuals and assist in understanding, if, why and how types of media cause aggression and behavioral changes in the youth. Furthermore, other factors such as socioeconomic status, environmental, and education aspects are considered within the sample survey as they can determine whether individual's behaviors can be Just affected by these factors or also linked in with media violence.Research portrayed suggested that lower socioeconomic status societies on average watch more television, thus presents higher dosage of media violence (Cantor, J, 2000). This project will gather information from key individuals based on their own The qualitative approach will be applied to analyses numerous types of literature and data to support the research proposal. This project will conduct a detailed investigation into the study conducted by Anderson, C & Dill, K (2000) on their examination of violent video games affecting aggressive behaviors in the laboratory and in life.Anderson, C & Dill, K (2000) study the ways in which media shapes individual behaviors based on aggression-related variables and personal characteristics. The myriad types of literature will be thoroughly examined and compared with the quantitative study to finalist an outcome. Research design The research aims to understand whether young individuals within today's society are influenced and dominated by the violence portrayed within the media, which can lead to changed behaviors. The first task is to select the participants for this convenient random sample survey.This research will target the youth populace; ages 18-24, with 20 participants both male and female conveniently selected to participate. All participant's wi ll remain anonymous and will take place through survey monkey in order for subjects to easily access the sample survey. The second task is to provide the link to the youth, ages 18-24, for the sample survey to be completed. The link will be conveniently published on the University of Western Sydney Backbone page to gain anonymous participants. The surveys will consist of liker- type and open-ended questions to make the survey in-depth, yet ass to complete.A third task to be undertaken whilst the surveys are being completed is to conduct the qualitative approach within this study. This methodology will be utilized to examine myriad types of literature to gather and compare data to gain an outcome. The data gathered will be analyses through statistical and text analysis of the methodology developed. Through survey monkey, the data is manually analyses from the participant surveys completed, in which, an excel sheet will be created and the results conveyed within the survey will be inv estigated further to help validate the proposal.Ethical procedures Ethical considerations are essential when undertaking research methodology. Issues such as confidentially, anonymity and the right to withdrawal from the study are significant principles that are put in place for this study, for the respect of the participants. Informed consent is the cornerstone for research and an important aspect provided to potential subjects. This study will provide the participants with an information sheet detailing all the information about the study being conducted in a clear and brief manner.Along with the information sheet, a consent form will be sent voluntarily and to be free from coercion. For ethical reasons, subjects will only be allowed to complete this study if they are 18 years of age; this will be clearly stated in the consent form to avoid any issues further down the track. The process of the consent form will also imply that subjects have to right to withdrawal from the study at any point. The right to confidentiality is essential in research (Polite & Beck, 2010) but may be conflicting in this proposed study.This is due to the facts that the surveys will be asking for their own perspectives, opinions and experiences, which ay lead to break confidentiality. However, participant's identities will remain protected from the public. Through the research methodology for this study, there is a myriad of benefits and risks that may be presented. With the online surveys being the primary form of data collection for this study, this has allowed for a cost-effective and efficient way of collecting information from a population.However, concerns arise with this form of surveying, as it is not secure in preventing under age individuals from completing it. In addition, a risk that may influence this study is the act that not all youths are the same and what may disturb one individual may have no effect on another. Likewise, development concerns, emotional maturity and relationships with others seem to be a much more significant role in determining if an individual is at risk for violent behavior (Media smart, 2012).
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